A number of wildlife species require large areas of suitable habitat in order to sustain their population numbers. These species, referred to as area sensitive species, are identified in Appendix G. Area sensitive species identified in Appendix G are listed below. A short list of references to scientific literature that are particular to each species is also provided.

The reference list provided in this section is by no means complete. These references are meant to assist the reader in doing a further search of the scientific literature for information about these particular wildlife species and the habitats in which they live.

There are two parts to this appendix. Table 1 has been arranged by Class. A short list of references associated with each species is provided in this table. These references are listed in the reference section that follows Table 1.

The reference section also is arranged by Family and alphabetically by author. This section includes additional references other than those listed in Table 1. The Birds section is subdivided into seven subsections:

  1. General
  2. Effects of habitat fragmentation
  3. Waterfowl and other marsh birds
  4. Birds associated with grasslands and old fields
  5. Birds associated with forests
  6. Woodpeckers
  7. Raptors

While the majority of bird references listed in Table 1 will be found in subsections 3-7, if an author’s name can not be found in these subsections, check the subsection on effects of habitat fragmentation, particularly for grassland or forest species.

Table 1: A list of area sensitive wildlife species and associated references.

Table adapted into a list

Amphibians

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

  • Cebek (1986); Coleman (1995); Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1994)

Reptiles

Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata)

  • Chippindale (1984); Chippindale (1985); Cook et al. (1980); Ernst (1967); Ernst (1976); Lovich (1988); Litzgus (1996); Haxton (1997); Haxton and Berrill (1999)

Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta)

  • Obbard (1985); Quinn and Tate (1991); Brooks et al. (1992); Foscarini (1994)

Common Map Turtle (Graptemys geographica)

  • Graham and Graham (1992); Daigle et al. (1994)

Eastern Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera spinifera)

  • Campbell and Donaldson (1980)

Black Rat Snake (Elaphe obseleta obseleta)

  • Fitch (1963); Fitch and Shirer (1971); Parsons (1977); Stickel and Cope (1947)

Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platirhinos)

  • Platt (1969)

Mammals

Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus)

  • Cowan (1936)

Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans)

  • Sollberger (1940); Sollberger (1943)

Marten (Martes americana)

  • Bushkirk and Powell (1994); De Vos (1952); Francis and Stephenson (1972); Koehler et al. (1975); Thompson (1991); Watt et al. (1996); Wynne and Sherburne (1984)

Fisher (Martes pennanti)

  • Bushkirk and Powell (1994); De Vos (1952) ; Kilpatrcik and Rego (1994); Garent and Crete (1997)

Lynx (Lynx canadensis)

  • Quinn (1984)

Moose (Alces alces)

  • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1984); Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1990)

Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus)

  • Bergerud (1974); Calef (1981); Cringan (1957); Skoog (1968);

Birds

Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena)

  • Cringan (1957); De Smet (1982)

American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus)

  • Gibbs et al. (1992)

Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis)

  • Gibbs et al. (1992)

Northern Pintail (Anas acuta)

  • Austin and Miller (1995) Smith (1971)

Canvasback (Aythya valisineria)

  • Bergman (1973); Dennis and Chandler (1974); Dennis et al. (1984); Korschgen et al. (1984)

Redhead (Aythya americana)

  • Dennis and Chandler (1974); Dennis et al. (1984)

Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)

  • Campbell and Milne (1977); Eadie et al. (1995); Hume (1976); Mathews (1982); Ross (1984)

Common Merganser (Mergus merganser)

  • Mathews (1982); Ross (1984)

Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)

  • Ross (1984)

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

  • Broley (1952); McKeating (1985)

Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus)

  • Bent (1961)

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

  • Bent (1961)

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

  • Bent (1961); Penak (1983); Rosenfield and Bielefeldt (1993)

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)

  • Bent (1961); Squire and Reynolds (1997)

Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)

  • Bent (1961); Bryant (1986); Crocoll (1994); Risley (1982); Sharp et al. (1982)

Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus)

  • Bent (1961); Goodrich et al. (1996)

Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus)

  • Connelly et al. (1998); Olsen (1959); Snyder (1935)

Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis)

  • Anderson (1977); Bart et al. (1984); Brookhout (1995)

King Rail (Rallus elegans)

  • Meanley (1969); Meanley (1992)

American Coot (Fulica americana)

  • Friley et al. (1938)

Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis)

  • Hall-Armstrong and Armstrong (1982); Lumsden (1971); Riley (1982); Tacha et al. (1992); Tebbel and Ankney (1982)

Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda)

  • Swanson (1996)

Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri)

  • Bergman et al. (1970)

Black Tern (Chlidonias niger)

  • Bergman et al. (1970); Dunn 1979

Barred Owl (Strix varia)

  • Bent (1961); Eckert (1974)

Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa)

  • Bent (1961); Eckert (1974); Nero (1979); Nero and Taylor (1980)

Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)

  • Bent (1961); Eckert (1974); Holt and Leasure (1996)

Boreal Owl (Aegolis funereus)

  • Bent (1961); Bondrup-Nielsen (1978); Eckert (1974)

Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus)

  • Cadman et al. (1987)

Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus)

  • Bent (1939)

Three-toed Woodpecker (icoides tridactylus)

  • Bent (1939)

Black-backed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus)

  • Bent (1939)

Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus)

  • Bent (1939); Bull and Holthausen (1993); Bull et al. (1992); Freemark and Collins (1992); Kirk and Naylor (1996); Naylor et al. (1996)

Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens)

  • Christy (1942)

Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)

  • Breckenridge (1956); Davis (1959)

Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor)

  • Grubb and Pravosudov (1994); Woodford (1962)

Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis)

  • Bent (1964)

White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)

  • Bent (1964); Pravosudov and Grubb (1993)

Brown Creeper (Certhia americana)

  • Bent (1964)

Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)

  • Bent (1964)

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea)

  • Ellison (1992)

Veery (Catharus fuscescens)

  • Bertin (1977); Moskoff (1995)

Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)

  • Hoover et al. (1995); Jones and Donovan (1996)

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

  • Cadman (1986); Campbell (1975); Yosef (1996)

Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius)

  • James (1998)

Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons)

  • Rodewald and James (1996)

Northern Parula (Parula americana)

  • Bent (1953); Moldenhauer and Regelski (1996)

Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia)

  • Bent (1953); Hall (1994); Sutherland (1986)

Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens

  • Bent (1953); Holmes (1994)

Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens

  • Bent (1953); Collins (1983); Morse (1993)

Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca)

  • Bent (1953); Lawrence (1953); Morse (1994)

Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus)

  • Bent (1953)

Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea)

  • Bent (1953); Dunn and Garrett (1997); Oliarnyk and Robertson (1996)

Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)

  • Bent (1953); Kricher (1995)

American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)

  • Bent (1953); Sidel and Whitmore (1982)

Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea)

  • Bent (1953); Flaspohler (1996); McCracken (1981)

Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus)

  • Bent (1953); Burke and Nol (1998); Porneluzi et al. (1993); Villard et al. (1993)

Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis)

  • Bent (1953)

Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)

  • Bent (1958)

Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)

  • Bedard and LaPointe (1984); Dixon (1972); Dixon (1978); Potter (1972); Swanson (1996); Wiens (1973)

Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)

  • Swanson (1996); Whitmore (1981); Wiens (1973)

References

Amphibians and reptiles

Brooks, R.J., C.M. Shilton, G.P. Brown and N.W.S. Quinn. 1992. Body size, age distribution, and reproduction in a northern population of wood turtles (Clemmys insculpta). Can J. Zool. 70: 462-469.

Campbell, C.A. and G.R. Donaldson. 1980. A status report for the eastern spiny softshell turtle, Trionyx spiniferus spiniferus, in Canada. M.E. Obbard [ed.]. Unpubl. Rep. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Wildlife Branch, Toronto. 50 p.

Cebek, J.E. 1986. Thermal ecology of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in southern Ontario. M. Sc. Thesis, Trent Univ., Peterborough, Ontario. 72 p.

Chippindale, P. 1984. A study of the spotted turtle (Clemmys gutatta) in the Mer Bleue Bog. Conservation Studies Publ. No. 25, National Capital Commission, Ottawa. 84 p.

Chippindale, P. 1985. The Mer Bleue spotted turtles: results of 1984 study. Unpubl. Rep. National Capital Commission, Ottawa.

Coleman, K. 1995. Bullfrog Management in Ontario. Transfer Line, a newsletter of the Southern Region Science and Technology Transfer Unit, Volume 2(3): 1-3. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Kemptville.

Cook, F.R. 1984. Introduction to Canadian amphibians and reptiles. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ottawa. 200 p.

Cook, F.R., J.D. Lafontaine, S. Black, L. Luciuk and R.V. Lindsay. 1980. Spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in eastern Ontario and adjacent Quebec. Can. Field-Nat. 94(4): 411-415.

Daigle, C., A. Desrosiers and J. Bonin. 1994. Distribution and abundance of common map turtles, Graptemys geographica, in the Ottawa River, Québec. Can. Field Nat. 108:84-86.

Ernst, C.H. 1967. A mating aggregation of the turtle, Clemmys guttata. Copeia 1967: 473-474.

Ernst, C.H. 1976. Ecology of the spotted turtle, Clemmys guttata (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae) in southeastern Pennsylvania. J. Herptol. 10: 25-33.

Fitch, H.S. 1963. Natural history of the black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) in Kansas. Copeia 4: 649-658.

Fitch, H.S. and H.W. Shirer. 1971. A radiotelemetric study of spatial relationships in some common snakes. Copeia 1: 118-128.

Foscarini, D.A. 1994. Demography of the wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta) and habitat selection in the Maitland River valley. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 108 p.

Graham, T.E. and A.A. Graham. 1992. Metabolism and behavior of wintering common map turtles, Graptemys geographica, in Vermont. Can. Field-Nat. 106 (4):517-519

Haxton, T. 1997. Home range and habitat selectivity of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in central Ontario: implications for a management strategy. M.Sc. Thesis. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.

Haxton, T. and M. Berrill. 1999. Habitat selectivity of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in central Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 77:593-599.

King, R.B. 1987. Reptile distributions on islands in Lake Erie. J. Herptol. 21(1): 65-67.

Litzgus, J. 1996. Life history and demography of a northern population of spotted turtles, Clemmys guttata. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 145 p.

Lovich, J.E. 1988. Geographic variation in the seasonal cycle of spotted turtles, Clemmys guttata. J. Herptol. 22: 482-485.

Obbard, M.E. 1985. A status report for the wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta) in Ontario with an overview of its status in Canada. Unpubl. Rep. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Wildlife Branch, Toronto. 43 p.

Oldham, M.J. 1984. A preliminary list of the reptiles of Essex County. Can. Amphibian and Reptile Conserv. Soc. Bull. 22(1): 1-8.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1994. Bullfrog Management in Ontario. K. Coleman and R. Cholmondeley [eds.] Southern Region Science and Technology Transfer Unit Workshop Proceedings WP-005. 38 p.

Parsons, H.J. 1977. The black rat snake in Ontario - Rideau Lakes population. BUFO Inc. For Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Toronto. 49 p.

Platt, D.R. 1969. Natural history of the hognose snakes, Heterodon platyrhinos and Heterodon masicus. University of Kansas Publications. Museum of Natural History, V.18, No.4. Lawrence, Univ. Kansas.

Quinn, N.W.S. and D.P. Tate. 199. Seasonal movements and habitat of wood turtles (Clemmys insculpta) in Algonquin Park, Canada. J. Of Herp. 25:217-220.

Smith, H.M. 1978. A guide to field identification - amphibians of North America. Golden Press, New York, and Western Publishing Co. Inc., Racine, Wisconsin. 160 p.

Smith, H.M. 1978. A guide to field identification - reptiles of North America. Golden Press, New York, and Western Publishing Co. Inc., Racine, Wisconsin. 240 p.

Stickel, W.H. and J.H. Cope. 1947. The home ranges and wanderings of snakes. Copeia 7: 127-136.

Mammals

Bergerud, A.T. 1974. The role of the environment in the aggregation, movement and disturbance behaviour of caribou. Volume 2, pages 552-584 in V. Geist and F. Walther [eds.] The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management. The Papers of an International Symposium held at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2-5 November 1971. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN Publications New Series No. 24.

Buskirk, S.W. and R.A. Powell. 1994. Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens. Pages 283-396 in S.W. Buskirk, A.S. Harestad and M.G. Raphael [comps, eds.] Martens, sables and fishers: biology and conservation. Ithica, N.Y. Cornell University Press.

Calef, G. 1981. Caribou and the barren-lands. Firefly Books, Ltd. Scarborough, Ontario. 176 p.

Cowan, I.M. 1936. Nesting habits of the flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus. J. Mammal. 12(3): 233-238.

Cringan, A.T. 1957. History, food habits and range requirements of the woodland caribou of continental North America. Pages 485-501 in Reprint from Trans. Of the 22nd North Am. Wildl. Conf., Washington, D.C.

De Vos, A. 1952. Ecology and management of fisher and marten in Ontario. Ont. Dep. Lands, Toronto, On. 90 p.

Francis, G.R. and A.B. Stephenson. 1972. Marten ranges and food habits in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. Rep. No. 91.

Garent, Y. and M. Crete. 1997. Fisher, Martes pennanti, home range characteristics in a high density untrapped population in southern Québec. Can. Field Nat. 111: 359-365.

Kilpatrick, H. and P. Rego. 1994. Influence of season, sex, and site availability on fisher (Martes pennanti) rest-site selection in the central hardwood forest. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1416 – 1420.

Kohler, G.M., W.R. Moore and A.R. Taylor. 1975. Preserving the pine marten: management guidelines for western forests. Western Wildlands 2: 31-36.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1984. Guidelines for moose habitat management in Ontario. Wildlife Branch, Toronto. 154 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1990. The moose in Ontario. Book 1- Moose biology, ecology and management. M. Buss and R. Truman [eds.] Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. And Ont. Fed. Anglers and Hunters. 33 p.

Quinn, N. 1984. The lynx. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Toronto. 24 p.

Skoog, R.O. 1968. Ecology of the caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska. Ph.D. Thesis. Berkeley: Univ. California 699 p.

Sollberger, D.E. 1940. Notes on the life history of the small eastern flying squirrel. J. Mammal. 21(3): 282-293.

Sollberger, D.E. 1943. Notes on the breeding habits of the eastern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans volans). J. Mammal. 24(2): 163-173.

Thompson, I.D. 1991. Could marten become the spotted owl of eastern Canada? For. Chron. 67: 136-140.

Watt, W.R., J. A. Baker, A. Barauskas, D.M. Hogg, J.G. Mcnicol and B. Naylor. 1996. Forest Management Guidelines for the Provision of Marten Habitat. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. 27 p.

Wynne, K.M. and J.A. Sherburne. 1984. Summer home range use by adult marten in northwestern Maine. Can. J. Zool. 62: 941-943.

Birds - general

Best, L.B. 1983. Bird use of fencerows: implications of contemporary fencerow management practices. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 11: 343-347.

Cadman, M.D., P.F.J. Eagles, F.M. Helleiner. 1988. Atlas of the breeding birds of Ontario. University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Ontario. 617 p.

Dance, K.W., and D.M. Fraser. 1985. Use of the breeding bird atlas data in environmental planning. Ont. Breed. Bird Atlas Newsletter 14: 1-2.

Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 203. 423 p.

Effects of habitat fragmentation

Andrén, H. 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71: 355-366.

Austen, M.J., C.M. Francis, D.B. Burke and M.S.W. Bradstreet. In prep. Effects of forest fragmentation on woodland birds in southern Ontario.

Burke, D.M. and E. Nol. 1998. Influence of food abundance, nest site habitat, and forest fragmentation on breeding ovenbirds. Auk 115: 96-104.

Burkey, T.V. 1989. Extinction in nature reserves: the effect of fragmentation and the importance of migration between reserve fragments. Oikos 55: 75-81.

Faaborg, J., M. Brittingham, T. Donovan and J. Blake. 1993. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone: a perspective for managers. Pages 331-338 in Status and management of neotropical migratory birds. D.M. Finch and P.W. Stangel [eds.] USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229, Rocky Mt. Forest Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, CO.

Fahrig, L. 1997. Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. J. Wildl. Manage. 61(3): 603-610.

Freemark, K.E. 1989. Landscape ecology of forest birds in the northeast. Pages 7-12 in Is forest fragmentation a management issue in the northeast? R.M. degraaf and W.M. Healy [comps.] USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-140, Northeasterm Froest Exp. Sta., Radnor, PA.

Freemark, K. and B. Collins. 1992. Landscape ecology of birds breeding in temperate forest fragments. Pages 443-454 in J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson, [eds.] Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 609 p.

Freemark, K.E., J.B. Dunning, S.J. Hejl and J.R. Probst. 1995. A landscape ecology perspective for research, conservation and management. Pages 381-427 in T. Martin and D. Finch [eds.] Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A synthesis and Review of the Critical Issues. Oxford University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Friesen, L.E., P.F.J. Eagles and J.R. Mackay. 1995. Effects of residential development on forest-dwelling neotropical migrant songbirds. Conserv. Biol. 9: 1408-1414.

Hayden, T.J. 1985. Minimum area requirements of some breeding bird species in fragmented habitats in Missouri. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Missouri-Columbia.

Herkert, J.R. 1994. The effects of habitat fragmentation on Midwestern grassland communities. Ecol. Appl. 4: 461-471.

Johnson, R.G. and S.A. Temple. 1986. Assessing habitat quality for birds nesting in fragmented tallgrass prairies. Pages 245-249 in J. Verner, M.L. Morrison and C.J. Ralph, [eds.] Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Reese, K.P. and J.T. Ratti. 1988. Edge effect: a concept under scrutiny. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resourc. Conf. 53:127-136.

Robbins, C.S. 1979. Effects of forest fragmentation on bird populations. Pages 198-212 in R.M. Degraaf and N. Tilghman [eds.] Proceedings of the Workshop on Management of North-Central and Northeastern Forests for Nongame Birds. U.S. Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-51.

Robbins, C.S. 1988. Forest fragmentation and its effects on birds. Pages 61-65 in Managing North Central forests for non-timber values. J.E. Johnson [ed]. SAF publication 88-04. Soc. Am. Foresters.

Robinson, S.K., F.R. Thompson, III, T.M. Donovan, D.R. Whitehead and J. Faaborg. 1987. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267: 1987-1990.

Szafoni, R.E. 1992. Forest fragmentation - the breaking up of wildlife’s home. Ill. Steward 1:6-8.

Temple, S.A. 1986. Predicting impacts of habitat fragmentation on forest birds: A comparison of two Models. Pages 301-304 in Wildlife 2000; Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. J. Verner, M.L. Morrison and C.J. Ralph [eds.] University of Wisconsin Press, Madison

Venier, L.A. and L. Fahrig. 1996. Habitat availability causes the species abundance-distribution relationship. Oikos 76: 564-570.

Villard, M.-A., P.R. Martin and C.G. Drummond. 1993. Habitat fragmentation and pairing success in the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). Auk 110: 759-768.

Villard, M.-A., G. Merriam and B.A. Maurer. 1995. Dynamics in subdivided populations of neotropical migratory birds in a fragmented temperate forest. Ecology 76: 27-40.

Whitcomb, B.L., R.F. Whitcomb and D. Bystrak. 1977. Island biogeography and “habitat islands” of eastern forest. III. Long-term turnover and effects of selective logging on the avifauna for forest fragments. Amer. Birds 31: 17-23.

Whitcomb, R.F., C.S. Robbins, J.F. Lynch, B.L. Whitcomb, M.K. Kliemkiewicz and D. Bystrak. 1981. Effects of forest fragmentation on avifauna of the eastern deciduous forest. Pages 125-205 in Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes. R.L. Burgess and D.M. Sharpe [eds.] Springer-Verlag, New York.

Waterfowl and other marshland birds

Anderson, J.M. 1977. Yellow Rail. Pages 66-70 in G.C. Sanderson [eds.] Management of migratory shore and upland game birds in North America. Int. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies, Washington.

Austin, J.E., And M.R. Miller. 1995. Northern Pintail (Anas acuta). In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 163. The Acadamy of Natural Sciences, Philadephia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC. 32 pp.

Bart, J., A. Stehn, J.A. Herrick, N.A. Heaslip, T.A. Bookhout and J.R. Stenzel. 1984. Survey methods for breeding Yellow Rails. J. Wildl. Manage. 48: 1382-1386.

Bergman, R. D. 1973. Use of southern boreal lakes by postbreeding Canvasbacks and Redheads. J. Wildl. Manage. 37:160-170.

Bergman, R.D., P. Swain and M.W.Weller. 1970. A comparative study of nesting Forster’s and Black Terns. Wilson Bulletin 82: 435-444.

Bookhout, T.A. 1995. Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis). In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 139. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 16 p.

Campbell, L. H. and H. Milne. 1977. Goldeneye feeding close to sewer outfalls in winter. Wildfowl 28:81-85.

Cringan, A.T. 1957. Notes on the biology of the Red-necked Grebe in western Ontario. Can. Field-Natur. 71: 72-73.

Dennis, D. G., G. B. Mccullough, N. R. North and R. K. Ross. 1984. An updated assessment of migrant waterfowl use of the Ontario shorelines of the southern Great Lakes. Pages 37-42 in S. G. Curtis, D. G. Dennis, and H. Boyd, Waterfowl studies in Ontario, 1973-81. Occasional Paper No. 54, Can. Wildl. Serv.

Dennis, D. G. and R. E. Chandler. 1974. Waterfowl use of the Ontario shorelines of the southern Great Lakes during migration. Pages 58-65 in H. Boyd, ed. Canadian Wildlife Service studies in eastern Canada, 1969-73. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. No. 29.

De Smet, K.D. 1982. Status report on the Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.

Dunn, E.H. 1979. Nesting biology and development of young in Ontario Black Terns. Can. Field-Natur. 93: 276-281.

Eadie, J.M., M.L. Mallory and H.G. Lumsden. 1995. Common Goldeneye : Bucephala clangula. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No.170. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 32 p.

Friley, C.E., Jr., L.H. Bennett and G.O. Hendrickson. 1938. The American Coot in Iowa. Wilson Bulletin 50: 81-86.

Gibbs, J.P., S. Melvin and F.A. Reid. 1992. American Bittern : Botaurus lentiginosus. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 18. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.

Gibbs, J.P., F.A. Reid, and S.M. Melvin. 1992b. Least Bittern : Ixobrychus exilis. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 17. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 12 p.

Hall-Armstrong, J. and E.R. Armstrong. 1982. The status of Sandhill Cranes in Cochrane Dsitrict of northeastern Ontario. Unpubl. Rep., Ont. Min. Nat. Resour.

Hume, R. A. 1976. Reactions of Goldeneyes to boating. British Birds 69:178-179.

Korschgen, C. E., L. S. George and W. L. Green. 1985. Disturbance of diving ducks by boaters on a migrational staging area. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13:290-296.

Lumsden, H.G. 1971. The status of the Sandhill Crane in northern Ontario. Can. Field-Natur. 85: 285-293.

Mathews, G. V. T. 1982. The control of recreational disturbance. Chap. 42, pages 325-330 in D. A. Scott, ed. Managing wetlands and their birds, a manual of wetland and waterfowl management. Proceedings 3rd Technical Meeting on Western Palearctic Migratory Bird Management, Biologische Station Rieselfelder Münster, Federal Republic of Germany, 12-15 October 1982.

Meanley, B. 1969. Natural history of the King Rail. U.S. Dep. Inter., Fish Wildl. Serv., N. Amer. Fauna No. 67.

Meanley, B. 1992. King Rail: Rallus elegans. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 3. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 12 p.

Riley, J.L. 1982. Habitats of Sandhill Cranes in southern Hudson Bay Lowland, Ontario. Can. Field-Natur. 96: 51-55.

Ross, R. K. 1984. Migrant waterfowl use of the major shorelines of eastern Ontario. Pages 53-62 in S. G. Curtis, D. G. Dennis, and H. Boyd, eds. Waterfowl studies in Ontario, 1973-81. Occasional Paper No. 54, Can. Wildl. Serv.

Smith, A. G. 1971. Ecological factors affecting waterfowl production in the Alberta parklands. U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour. Publ. 98. 49 pp.

Tacha, T.C., S.A. Nesbitt and P.A. Vohs. 1992. Sandhill Crane: Grus canadensis. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 31. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 24 p.

Tebbel, P.D. and C.D. Ankney. 1982. Status of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) in central Ontario. Can. Field-Natur. 96: 136-166.

Birds associated with grassland and old field habitats

Ailes, I.W. 1980. Breeding bird biology and habitat use of the Upland Sandpiper in central Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 42: 53-63.

Ailes, I.W. and J.E. Toepfer. 1977. Home range and daily movement of radio-tagged Upland Sandpipers in central Wisconsin. Inland Bird Band. News 49: 203-212.

Askins, R.A. 1993. Population trends in grassland, shrubland, and forest birds in eastern North America. Pages 1-34 in D.M. Power, [ed.] Current Ornithology, Vol. 11. Plenum Press, New York.

Baskett, T.S., D.A. Darrow, D.L. Hallett, M.J. Armbuster, J.A. Ellis, B.F. Sparrowe, and P.A. Korte. 1980. A handbook for terrestrial habitat evaluation in central Missouri. U.S. Fish and Wild. Serv. Resour. Publ. 133. 155 p.

Bedard, J. and G. Lapointe. 1984. The Savannah Sparrow territorial system: can habitat features be related to breeding success? Can. J. Zool. 62: 1819-1828.

Bent, A.C. 1929. Life histories of North American shorebirds. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 146. 420 p.

Bent, A.C. 1968. Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, Sparrows, and allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 237. 1020 p.

Berger, A,J, 1968. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin): Eastern Vesper Sparrow. Pages 863-882 in O.L. Austin [ed.] Life Histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows and allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 237. 1020 p.

Best, L.B. and N.L. Rodenhouse. 1984. Territory preference of Vesper Sparrows in cropland. Wilson Bulletin 96: 72-82.

Blankespoor, G.W. 1980. Prairie restoration: effects on nongame birds. J. Wildl. Manage. 44: 667-672.

Bollinger, E.K. and T.A. Gavin. 1989. The effects of site quality on breeding site fidelity in bobolinks. Auk 106: 584-594.

Bollinger, E.K and T.A. Gavin. 1992. Eastern Bobolink populations: ecology and conservation in an agricultural landscape. Pages 497-506 in J.M. Hagan, III and D.W. Johnston [eds.] Ecology and Conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smith Inst. Press, Washington D.C.

Bowen, B.S. and A.D. Kruse. 1993. Effects of grazing on nesting Upland Sandpipers in southcentral North Dakota. J. Wildl. Manage. 57: 291-301.

Bowen, D.E., Jr. 1976. Coloniality, reproductive success, and habitat interactions of the Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). Ph.D. Thesis, Kansas Univ., Manhattan. 127 p.

Burger, L.D., L.W. Burger and J. Faaborg. 1994. Effects of prairie fragmentation and predation on artificial nests. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 249-254.

Cadman, M.D. 1986. Status report on the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.

Camp, M. And L.B. Best. 1994. Nest density and nesting success of birds in roadsides adjacent to rowcrop fields. Am. Midl. Nat. 131: 347-358.

Campbell, C.A. 1975. Distribution and breeding success of the Loggerhead Shrike in southern Ontario. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. No. 6065.

Castrale, J.S. 1983. Selection of song perches by sagebrush-grassland birds. Wilson Bulletin 95: 647-655.

Clawson, R.L. 1991. Henslow’s Sparrow habitat, site fidelity, and reproduction in Missouri. Fed. Aid. Perf. Rep., Mo. Dep. Conserv., Proj. W-14-R-45. 18p.

Connelly, J.W., M.W. Gratson, and K.P. Reese. 1998. Sharp-tailed Grouse: Tympanuchus phasianellus. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 354. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p

Dale, B.C. 1984. Birds of grazed and ungrazed grasslands in Saskachewan. Blue Jay 42: 102-105.

Damach, C.A. and E.E. Good. 1940. The effect of certain land use practices on populations of Breeding birds in southwestern Ohio. J. Wildl. Manage. 4: 63-76.

Dixon, C.L. 1972. A population study of Savannah Sparrows on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor. 143 p.

Dixon, C.L. 1978. Breeding biology of the Savannah Sparrow on Kent Island. Auk 95: 235-246.

Farris, A.L. and J.H. Cole. 1981. Strategies and goals for wildlife habitat restoration on agricultural lands. Trans. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 46: 130-136.

Gavin, T.A. and E.K. Bollinger. 1988. Reproductive correlates of breeding site fidelity in Bobolinks, Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Ecology 69: 96-103.

Good, E.E. and C.A. Dambach. 1943. Effect of land use practices on breeding bird populations in Ohio. J. Wildl. Manage. 7: 291-297.

Harrison, K.G. 1977. Perch height selection of grassland birds. Wilson Bulletin 89: 486-487.

Herkert, J.R. 1991. An ecological study of the breeding birds of grassland habitat within Illinois. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Illinois, Urbana. 115 p.

Herkert, J.R. 1994. Breeding bird communities of midwestern prairie fragments: the effects of prescribed burning and habitat-area. Nat. Areas J. 14: 128-135.

Herkert, J.R. 1994. Status and habitat selection of the Henslow’s Sparrow in Illinois. Wilson Bulletin 106: 35-45.

Herkert, J.R., R.E. Szafoni, V.M. Kleen and J.E. Schwegman. 1993. Habitat establishment, enhancement and management for forest and grassland birds in Illinois. Ill. Dep. Conserv., Nat. Heritage Tech. Publ. No. 1. 20 p.

Holt, D. W. And S. M. Leasure. 1996. Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus). In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 62. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Hulbert, L.C. 1986. Fire effects on tallgrass prairie. Proc. North Am. Prairie Conserv. 9: 138-142.

Hurley, R.L. and E.W. Franks. 1976. Changes in the breeding ranges of two grassland birds. Auk 93: 108-115.

Hyde, A.S. 1939. The life history of Henslow’s Sparrow, Passerherbulus henslowi (Audubon). Univ. Mich. Misc. Publ. No. 41. 72 p.

Jobanek,G.A. 1994. History of the Bobolink in Oregon. Oreg. Birds 20: 50-54.

Johnson, R.G. and S.A. Temple. 1990. Nest predation and brood parasitism of tallgrass prairie birds. J. Wildl. Manage. 54: 106-111.

Joyner, D.E. 1978. Use of an old field habitat by Bobolinks and Red-winged Blackbirds. Can. Field-Nat. 92: 383-386.

Mcnicholl, M.K. 1988. Ecological and human influences on Canadian populations of grassland birds. Int. Counc. Bird Preservation Tech. Publ. 7: 1-25.

Olsen, A.R. 1959. Report on the status of Sharp-tailed Grouse, Kenora District. Unpubl. Rep., Ont. Min. Nat. Resour.

Potter, P.E. 1972. Territorial behavior in Savannah Sparrows in southeastern Michigan. Wilson Bulletin 84: 48-59.

Renken, R.B. and J.J. Dinsmore. 1987. Nongame bird communities in managed grasslands in North Dakota. Can. Field-Nat. 101: 551-557.

Reynolds, R.E., T.L. Shaffer, J.R. Sauer and B.G. Peterjohn. 1994. Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 59: 328-336.

Samson, F.B. 1980. Island biogeography and the conservation of nongame birds. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 45: 245-251.

Snyder, L.L. 1935. A study of the Sharp-tailed Grouse. Univ. Toronto Biol. Ser. No. 40.

Swanson, D.A. 1996. Nesting ecology and nesting habitat requirements of Ohio’s grassland- nesting birds: A literature review. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, Ohio Fish and Wildlife Report 13. 60 pp.

Van Horne, B. 1983. Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality. J. Wildl. Manage. 47: 893-901.

Vickery, P.D., M.L. Hunter, Jr., and S.M. Melvin. 1994. Effects of habitat area distribution of Grassland birds in Maine. Conserv. Biol. 8: 1087-1097.

Volkert, W.K. 1992. Response of grassland birds to a large-scale prairie planting. Passenger Pigeon 54: 191-196.

Whitmore, R.C. 1979. Temporal variation in the selected habitats of a guild of grassland sparrows. Wilson Bulletin 91: 5929-598.

Whitmore, R.C. 1981. Structural characteristics of Grasshopper Sparrow habitat. J. Wildl. Manage. 45: 811-814.

Wiens, J.A. 1963. Aspects of Cowbird parasitism in southern Oklahoma. Wilson Bulletin 75: 130-134.

Wiens, J.A. 1969. An approach to the study of ecological relationships among grassland birds. Ornithol. Monogr. 8: 1-93.

Wiens, J.A. 1973. Interterritorial habitat variation in Grasshopper and Savannah Sparrows. Ecology 54: 877-884.

Wiens, J.A. 1973. Pattern and process in grassland bird communities. Ecol. Monogr. 43: 237-270. Wray, T., K.A. Strait and R.C. Whitmore. 1982. Reproductive success of grassland birds on a Reclaimed surface mine in West Virginia. Auk 99: 157-164.

Yosef, R. 1996. Loggerhead Shrike: Lanius ludovicianus. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 231. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 28 p.

Birds associated with forests

Askins, R.A., M.J. Philbrick, and D.S. Sugeno. 1987. Relationship between the regional abundance of forest and the composition of forest bird communities. Biol. Conserv. 39:129-52.

Bent, A.C. 1953. Life histories of North American warblers. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 203. 733 p.

Bent, A.C. 1958. Life histories of North American blackbirds, orioles, tanagers, and allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 211. 490 p.

Bent, A.C. 1964. Life histories of North American nuthatches, wrens, thrashers, and their allies. New York : Dover Publications. 90 p.

Bertin, R.I. 1977. Breeding habits of the Wood Thrush and Veery. Condor 79: 303-311.

Blake, J.G. 1986. Species-area relationship of migrants in isolated woodlots in east-central Illinois. Wilson Bulletin 98:291-296.

Blake, J.G. and J.R. Karr. 1984. Species compositions of bird communities and the conservation benefit of large versus small forests. Biol. Conserv. 30:173-187.

Blake, J.G. and J.R. Karr. 1987. Breeding birds of isolated woodlots: area and habitat relationships. Ecology 68: 1724-1734.

Breckenridge, W.J. 1956. Measurements of the habitat niche of the Least Flycatcher. Wilson Bulletin 68: 47-51.

Bushman, E.S. and G.D. Therres. 1988. Habitat management guidelines for forest interior breeding birds of coastal Maryland. Maryland Department of Natural Resources; Forest, Park, and Wildlife Service, Wildl. Tech. Publ. 88-100. Annapolis.

Christy, B.H. 1942. Empidonax virescens (Villeot). Acadian Flycatcher. Pages 183-197 in A.C. Bent [ed.] Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows and allies. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. No. 179.

Collins, S.L. 1983. Geographic variation in habitat structure of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). Auk 100: 382-389.

Davis, D.E. 1959. Observations on territorial behavior of Least Flycatchers. Wilson Bulletin. 71: 73-85.

Dunn, J.L. and K.L. Garrett. 1997. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). In A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. P.560-568.

Ellison, W.G. 1992. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher: Polioptila caerulea. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 23. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p.

Flaspohler, D. J. 1996. Nesting success of the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) in the upper Mississippi River bottomlands. Wilson Bulletin 108:457-466.

Grubb, T.C. Jr. and V.V. Pravosudov. 1994. Tufted Titmouse: Parus bicolor. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 86. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 16 p.

Hall, G.A. 1994. Magnolia Warbler: Dendroica magnolia. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 136. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 16 p.

Hames, S. 1998. Birds in Forested Landscapes analyzes early results. Birdscope 12(2): ?-?. (also see http://www.birds.cornell.edu/bfl/bflbsc.htm [link inactive])

Hagen, J.M. Iii and D.W. Johnson [eds.] Ecology and conservation of neotropical landbirds. Smithsonian Institute Press. 609 p.

Hayden, T.J., J. Faaborg, and R.L. Clawson. 1985. Estimates of minimum area requirements for Missouri forest birds. Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 19:11-22.

Holmes, R.T. 1994. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 87. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Hoover, J.P., M.C. Brittingham And L.J. Goodrich. 1995. Effects of forest patch size on nesting success of wood thrushes. Auk 112: 146-155.

Iverson, L.R., R.L. Oliver, D.P. Tucker, P.G. Risser, C.D. Burnett, and R.G. Rayburn. 1989. The forest resources of Illinois: an analysis of spatial and temporal trends. Illinois Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. No. 11. 181 pp.

Jackman, S.M., and J.M. Scott. 1975. Literature review of twenty-three selected forest birds of the Pacific Northwest Region 6. U.S. Forest Serv. 382 p.

James, R.D. 1998. Blue-headed Vireo: Vireo solitarius. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 379. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 24 p.

Johnson, D.W. and J.M. Hagan III. 1992. An analysis of long-term breeding bird censuses from eastern deciduous forests. Pages 75-84 in J.M. Hagen III and D.W. Johnson [eds.] Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Landbirds. Smithsonian Institute Press. 609 p.

Jones, P.W. and T.M. Donovan. 1996. Hermit Thrush: Catharus guttatus. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 261. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 28 p.

Kricher, J.C. 1995. Black and White Warbler, Mniotilta varia. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 158. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p.

Lawrence, L. De K. 1953. Notes on the nesting behavior of the Blackburnian Warbler. Wilson Bulletin 65: 135-144.

Martin, T.E. 1992. Breeding productivity considerations: what are the appropriate habitat features for management? Pages 455-473 in J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson, [eds.] Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 609 p.

McCracken, J.D. 1981. Status report on the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.

McIntyre, N. 1995. Effects of forest patch size on avian diversity. Landscape Ecol. 10: 85-99.

Medin, D.E. and G.D. Booth. 1989. Responses of birds and small mammals to single-tree selection Logging in Idaho. U.S. Forest Serv. Resourc. Paper INT-408. 11 p.

Moldenhauer, R.R. and D.J. Regelski. 1996. Northern Parula: Parula americana. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 215. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 24 p.

Moore, F.R. and T.R. Simons. 1992. Habitat suitability and stopover ecology of neotropical landbird migrants. Pages 345-355 in J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson, [eds.] Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 609 p.

Morse, D.H. 1993. Black-throated Green Warbler: Dendroica virens. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 55. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p.

Morse, D.H. 1994. Blackburnian Warbler: Dendroica fusca. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 102. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p.

Moskoff, W. 1995. Veery : Catharus fuscescens. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 142. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 16 p.

Oliarnyk, C.J. and R.J. Robertson 1996. Breeding behavior and reproductive success of Cerulean Warblers in southeastern Ontario. Wilson Bull. 108:673-684.

Porneluzi, P., J. Bednarz, L.J. Goodrich, N. Zawanda and J. Hoover. 1993. Reproductive performance of territorial Ovenbirds occupying forest fragments and a contiguous forest in Pennsylvania. Conserv. Biol. 7: 618-622.

Pravosudov, V.V. and T.C. Grubb. 1993. White-breasted Nuthatch: Sitta carolinensis. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 54. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 16 p.

Probst, J.R. and J. Weinrich. 1993. Relating Kirtland’s Warbler population to changing landscape composition and structure. Landscape Ecol. 8: 257-271.

Robbins, C.S., D.K. Dawson and B.A. Dowell. 1989. Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic states. Wildl. Monogr. No. 103. 34 p.

Rodewald, P.G. and R.D. James. 1996. Yellow-throated Vireo : Vireo flavifrons. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 247. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p.

Rohrbraugh, R. 1997. Birds in forested landscapes. Birdscope. 11(2): 4-5.

Sidel, G.E. and R.C. Whitmore. 1982. Effect of forest structure on American Redstart foraging behavior. Wilson Bulletin 94: 289-296.

Sutherland, D. 1986. Magnolia Warbler breeding in the Regional Municipality of Halton, Ontario. Ont. Birds 4: 69-71.

Terborgh, J. 1992. Why American songbirds are vanishing. Sci. Am. 266:98-104.

Tilghman, N.G. 1987. Characteristics of urban woodlands affecting breeding bird diversity and Abundance. Landscape and Urban Planning 14:481-495.

Wilcove, D.S. 1985. Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of migratory songbirds. Ecology 66:1211-1214.

Woodford, J. 1962. The Tufted Titmouse “invades” Ontario. Fed. Ont. Natur. Bull. 95: 18-20.

Yahner, R.H. 1988. Changes in wildlife communities near edges. Conserv. Biol. 2:333-339.

Woodpeckers

Bent, A.C. 1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. No. 174. 334 p.

Bull, E.L. and R.S. Holthausen. 1993. Habitat use and management of pileated woodpeckers in Northeastern Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 57: 335-345.

Bull, E.L., R.S. Holthausen and M.G. Henjum. 1992. Roost trees used by pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 56: 786-793.

Freemark, K. and B. Collins. 1992. Landscape ecology of birds breeding in temperate forest fragments. Pages 443-454 in J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson, [eds.] Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 609 p.

Hoyt, S.F. 1957. The ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker. Ecology 38: 246-256.

Kilham, K. 1971. Reproductive behavior of Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers. I. Preference for nesting in fomes-infected aspens, and nest hole interrelations with flying squirrels, raccoons, and other animals. Wilson Bulletin 83: 158-171.

Kirk, D.A. and B.J. Naylor. 1996. Habitat requirements of the Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) with special reference to Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat. Res., CRST Tech. Rep. No. 46. 65 p.

Naylor, B., J. Baker, A. Barauskas, D. Hogg, J. Mcnicol and W.R. Watt. 1996. Forest Management guidelines for the provision of Pileated Woodpecker habitat. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. 30 p.

Raptors

Bent, A.C. 1961. Life histories of North American birds of prey. Parts I and II. (Reprints) Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Bondrup-Nielsen, S. 1978. Vocalizations, nesting and habitat preferences of the boreal owl (Aegolius funereus) in North America. Unplubl. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. Toronto.

Broley, M.J. 1952. Eagle Man. Pellegrini and Cudahy, New York. 210 p.

Bryant, A.A. 1986. Influence of selective logging on Red-shouldered Hawks, Buteo lineatus, in Waterloo Region, Ontario. Can. Field-Natur. 100: 520-525.

Crocoll, S.T., 1994. Red-shouldered Hawk: Buteo lineatus. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 107. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 20 p.

Eckert, A.W. 1974. The owls of North America. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday and Co. 278 p.

Everett, M. 1977. A natural history of owls. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., London, England. 156 p.

Goodrich, L.J., S. C. Crocoll, and S. E. Senner. 1996. Broad-winged Hawk: Buteo platypterus. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 218. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 28 p.

McKeating, G. 1985. Charles Broley: eagles then and now in southern Ontario. Pages 25-34 in J.M. Gerrard and T.M. Ingram [eds.] The Bald Eagle in Canada. White Horse Plains Publ., Headingley.

Nero, R.W. 1979. Status report on the Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) in Canada, 1979. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.

Nero, R.W. and R.R. Taylor. 1980. The Great Gray Owl - phantom of the northern forest. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C. 167 p.

Penak, B.L. 1983. The status of the Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) in Ontario, with an overview of the status in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.

Risley, C.J. 1982. The status of the Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) in Ontario, with an overview of the status in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Species in Canada, Ottawa.

Harp, M.J. and C.A. Campbell. 1982. Breeding ecology and status of Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) in Waterloo Region. Ont. Field biol. 36: 1-10.

Rosenfield, R.N. and J. Bielefeldt. 1993. Cooper’s Hawk: Accipiter cooperii. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 75. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 24 p.

Squire, J.R. and R.T. Reynolds. 1997. Northern Goshawk: Accipiter gentilis. In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.] The Birds of North America, No. 298. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 32 p.