Overview

Since reporting began in 1924, there have been 9 cases of rabies in humans in Ontario. All cases were fatal.

Ontario’s last domestic case of human rabies occurred in 2024. Before that, the last domestically acquired case was in 1967. 

Prevention

To minimize the risk of rabies, we:

  • require that all cats, dogs and ferrets over 3 months of age be vaccinated
  • require livestock owners to vaccinate horses, cattle and sheep for rabies if they are part of an interactive display such as a petting zoo, or if the animals have contact with anyone other than their regular caretakers outside of seasonal agricultural fairs
  • control rabies in terrestrial (non-bat) wildlife
  • test dead, sick and strange acting wildlife
  • recommend rabies pre-exposure vaccination for high-risk individuals, such laboratory workers who handle rabies virus, veterinarians, veterinary staff, animal control and wildlife workers, hunters and trappers in areas of high risk for rabies, certain travellers and spelunkers (cavers)

Infection

You can become infected with the rabies virus if an infected animal bites you or the infected saliva of an animal gets into your mouth, nose, eyes or an open cut, sore or wound.

Rabies can’t be transmitted through contact with the blood, urine or feces of an infected animal. Talk to your family doctor or local health unit if you’re exposed because you could still be at risk of other diseases and parasites.

You should take any potential rabies exposure seriously by getting advice from a medical professional right away. If you’re exposed to rabies, you need to get treatment quickly. Once symptoms begin, rabies is almost always fatal.

Report any possible exposure to your local health unit, doctor or local emergency department.

If you’re exposed to rabies

If you’re exposed to the saliva of a potentially rabid animal:

  • wash the bite or scratch with soap and warm water immediately (use hand sanitizer if there’s no soap or water nearby)
  • call your family doctor or go to the nearest hospital for treatment right away
  • report the bite or scratch to your local public health unit

Symptoms of rabies in humans

In adults, signs of rabies will usually appear within 2 to 8 weeks of exposure. In rare cases, it can take one year or longer for signs to appear but this depends on where you were bitten, how bad the bite was and the strain of rabies.

Early symptoms of rabies may include:

  • numbness around the site of a bite
  • fever
  • headache
  • feeling sick

Later symptoms of rabies may include:

  • itchiness around the site of the bite (even after it’s healed)
  • muscle spasms
  • fear of air gusts (aerophobia)
  • fear of water (hydrophobia)
  • difficulty breathing

Once symptoms of rabies begin to appear, the disease is almost always fatal.

The rabies vaccine

Rabies can be treated with a vaccine if you seek treatment before symptoms of infection with the virus appear. Once symptoms appear, it’s too late for treatment.

Treatment is much less painful today than it was in the past.

Post-exposure treatment

If you’re exposed to rabies you will receive:

  • a shot, at the site of the wound, which contains immunoglobulin that helps destroy the rabies virus
  • 4 or 5 shots of rabies vaccine in your upper arm, given over 14-28 days

Post-exposure treatment is covered by the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP).

Preventive vaccinations

If you think you’re likely to be exposed to the rabies virus because of the kind of work or activities you are involved in, talk to your healthcare provider about pre-exposure rabies vaccinations.

You can get the rabies vaccine from your family doctor or at a travel clinic. Preventive treatment isn’t covered by OHIP so you’ll have to pay for it out-of-pocket. Your doctor can tell you how much it will cost.

Preventive rabies vaccination is recommended for people who:

  • plan to travel to a high-risk area
  • spend time in caves (spelunkers)
  • work in high-risk jobs such as
    • trappers
    • wildlife rehabilitators
    • veterinarians
    • laboratory workers handling rabies virus

You will get three shots over 21 days. The length of time you are immune to rabies varies from person to person. If you continue to be at higher risk of exposure to the virus over time, you’ll need to get your immunity checked every 1-2 years in case you need booster shots.

Animals that carry the rabies virus

Wildlife

Bats, skunks, foxes and raccoons are the most common carriers of the rabies virus in Canada.

In Ontario, bats pose the biggest threat of transmitting rabies to humans because unlike other animals, they can’t be vaccinated by injectable rabies vaccines or oral vaccine baits.

Household pets

Household pets can also carry the rabies virus. One infected cat or dog can expose many people to the virus.

In Ontario, you’re required, by law, to make sure your pets are up-to-date on their rabies vaccinations.

Pets from other countries or parts of Canada may be at higher risk of being exposed to rabies before arriving in Ontario.

Learn more about rabies in pets