Most deaths in Ontario are due to natural causes and do not require a medicolegal investigation. However, deaths that are sudden and unexpected must be examined by an investigating coroner. These include deaths from accidents, suicides, homicides and sudden deaths from previously undiagnosed diseases.

Pre-autopsy consultations

Forensic pathologists consult with Regional Supervising Coroners (RSCs) to determine the appropriate location for an autopsy based on the complexity of a case and the qualifications of local pathologists.

Organ and tissue donations

In appropriate cases, forensic pathologists work with RSCs to facilitate organ and tissue donation through Trillium Gift of Life in accordance with the wishes of the deceased and their next-of-kin.

Scene visits

Pathologists may attend scenes under investigation to gather necessary information as part of a complete autopsy. In most cases, photographs, video recordings and other imaging techniques are used to assess the scene instead of a physical scene visit.

Autopsies

Pathologists conduct autopsies and observe, document and interpret findings to help determine the cause of death. Autopsies are performed under the authority of an Ontario Coroner’s Warrant for Post Mortem Examination, a legal document that instructs a pathologist to perform the autopsy. In Ontario, coroner investigations are conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Coroners Act, and all autopsies must be authorized by a coroner’s warrant. The OFPS also provides autopsy services to other jurisdictions as well as to the Department of National Defence for military personnel who die outside of Canada.

There are five steps to a medicolegal autopsy:

  1. Review of case history, scene and circumstances
  2. External examination, including photographic documentation
  3. Internal examination by dissection, including photographic documentation
  4. Ancillary tests including, imaging, histology, cardiovascular, neuropathology, anthropology and odontology consultations, toxicology, metabolic screening and DNA testing
  5. Opinion and report writing

Consultations and expert opinions

Our forensic pathologists and other consultants often participate in case conferences with other death investigation partners, help identify unidentified remains and missing persons, and provide expert opinion on complicated cold cases in Ontario and other jurisdictions. They also provide occasional forensic medicine consultation and expert opinion on injuries to surviving victims to assist with investigations.

Testimony in trials and other hearings

Forensic pathologists and other consultants testify as expert witnesses at coroner’s inquests, all levels of court and public inquiries.

Collaboration with coroners

Forensic pathologists serve on OCC death review committees.

Special services

Special services are provided to other agencies upon request, including international groups and non-governmental organizations. In cases of multiple fatalities, these services may include disaster victim identification or human rights death investigations.