Appendices
Appendix I: Glossary
- Capacity
- The flow rate that a treatment process unit or process train or treatment plant is capable of effectively processing.
- Certificate of Approval
- An authorization to initiate the establishment, construction or alteration of a sewage works including the right to operate, all in accordance with the Ontario Water Resources Act R.S.O. 1990, c. O.40 , applicable regulations or conditions of approval. The Certificate of Approval (C of A) document consists of a detailed description of the works as well as terms and conditions of the approval.
- Continuous monitoring equipment
- Equipment that, at intervals appropriate for the process and parameter being monitored, automatically tests for the parameter directly in the stream (or in the case of UV application, through the stream) of water being treated or distributed, or in a continuous sample taken from the stream of water being treated or distributed, where a continuous sample is a continuous stream of water flowing from the stream of water being treated or distributed to the monitoring equipment.
- Flux
- For a membrane separation process, the volume or mass of permeate passing through the membrane per unit surface area per unit time. Solvent (water) flux is commonly expressed in gallons per square foot per day or cubic metres per square metre per second, or metres per second.
- Groundwater
- The water contained in interconnected pores located below the water table in an unconfined aquifer or in a confined aquifer.
- Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
- Information on the use, handling and storage of specific chemicals or products. Material safety data sheets contain mandated types of information concerning physical characteristics, reactivity, required personal protective equipment and other safeguards.
- Membrane backwashing
- A cleaning operation that typically involves periodic reverse flow of permeate to remove particulate matter accumulated on the membrane surface; also referred to as backpulse, backpulse clean, or flux maintenance.
- Ministry
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
- Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
- A measure of the pressure at the suction side of the pump, including atmospheric pressure and vapour pressure of the liquid being pumped.
- Permeate
- For a pressure-driven membrane treatment process, the portion of the feed solution that passes through the membrane; known as “filtrate” for microfiltration.
- Point of impingement
- Any point on the ground or on a receptor, such as nearby buildings, located outside the emitter’s property boundaries at which the highest concentration of a contaminant caused by the aggregate emission of that contaminant from a facility is expected to occur.
- Sewage Works
- Works for the collection, transmission, treatment and disposal of sewage or any part of such works, but does not include plumbing to which the Building Code Act, 1992 applies.
- Surface water
- Surface water bodies (lakes, wetlands and ponds, including dug-outs), water courses (rivers, streams, drainage ditches), infiltration trenches and areas of temporary precipitation ponding.
- Water Works
- Any part of a drinking-water system including collection, production, treatment, storage, supply and distribution of water or any part of such works.
- Watershed
- The drainage basin area contained within the bounds specified by a divide and above a specified point on a stream. A watershed is also called a catchment area, drainage area or drainage basin.
Appendix II: Units of Measure
| Units | Definition |
|---|---|
| % | percent |
| °C | degrees Celsius |
| °F | degrees Fahrenheit |
| μm | micrometres or microns |
| ac | acres |
| atm | atmospheres |
| Btu/ft3 | British thermal units per cubic foot |
| Btu/lb | British thermal units per pound |
| cfm/1000 ft3 | cubic feet per minute per 1000 cubic feet |
| cfm/1000 US gal | cubic feet per minute per 1000 U.S. gallons |
| cfm/ft | cubic feet per minute per foot |
| cfm/ft2 | cubic feet per minute per square foot |
| cfm/ft3 | cubic feet per minute per cubic foot |
| cm/d | centimetres per day |
| cm/hr | centimetres per hour |
| cm/s | centimetres per second |
| cm/wk | centimetres per week |
| cu ft/mil. US gal | cubic feet per million U.S. gallons |
| d | days |
| ft | feet |
| ft/100 ft | feet per 100 feet |
| ft/ft | feet per foot |
| ft/h | feet per hour |
| ft/min | feet per minute |
| ft/s | feet per second |
| ft½/s | square root of feet per second |
| ft2 | square feet |
| ft2/cap | square feet per capita |
| ft2/ft3 | square feet per cubic foot |
| ft³/(min·ft2) | cubic feet per minute per square foot |
| g/(cap·d) | grams per capita per day |
| g/(m·s) | grams per metre per second |
| g/(m2·s) | grams per square metre per second |
| g/kg | grams per kilogram |
| g/m2/d | grams per square metre per day |
| g/m3 | grams per cubic metre |
| hp | horsepower |
| hp/1000 ft3 | horsepower per 1000 cubic feet |
| hr | hours |
| in | inches |
| in/ft | inches per foot |
| in/hr | inches per hour |
| in/s | inches per second |
| in/wk | inches per week |
| kg BOD5/(kg MLVSS·d) | kilograms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand per kilogram of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per day |
| kg O2/kg BOD5 | kilograms of oxygen per kilogram of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand |
| kg O2/kWh | kilograms of oxygen per kilowatt-hour |
| kg VS/m2 | kilograms of volatile solids per square metre |
| kg/(ha·d) | kilograms per hectare per day |
| kg/(m2·d) | kilograms per square metre per day |
| kg/(m3·d) | kilograms per cubic metres per day |
| kg/(P.E.·d) | kilograms per population equivalent per day |
| kg/d | kilograms per day |
| kJ/kg | kilojoules per kilogram |
| kJ/m3 | kilojoules per cubic metre |
| km | kilometres |
| km/hr | kilometres per hour |
| kPa | kilopascals |
| kW | kilowatts |
| kW/1000 m3 | kilowatts per 1000 cubic metres |
| L | litres |
| L/(cap·d) | litres per day per capita |
| L/(ha·d) | litres per day per hectare |
| L/(ha·s) | litres per second per hectare |
| L/(m·s) | litres per second per metre |
| L/(m2·d) | litres per day per square metre |
| L/(m2·min) | litres per minute per square metre |
| L/(m2·s) | litres per second per square metre |
| L/(m3·s) | litres per second per cubic metre |
| L/(mm·d)/m | litres per millimetre of pipe diameter per day per linear metre of sewer length |
| L/d | litres per day |
| L/m2 | litres per square metre |
| L/m3 | litres per cubic metre |
| L/mm diameter/100 m/hr | litres per millimetre diameter per 100 metres per hour |
| L/s | litres per second |
| L/W ratio | length-to-width ratio |
| lb O2/ lb BOD5 | pounds of oxygen per pound of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand |
| lb/(1000 ft3·d) | pounds per day per 1000 cubic feet |
| lb/(ac·d) | pounds per day per acre |
| lb/(ft2·d) | pounds per day per square foot |
| lb/(ft2·hr) | pounds per hour per square foot |
| lb/(ft2·min) | pounds per minute per square foot |
| lb/(ft3·d) | pounds per day per cubic foot |
| lb/(hp·hr) | pounds per horsepower per hour |
| lb/100 ft2 | pounds per 100 square feet |
| lb/1000 ft3 | pounds per 1000 cubic feet |
| lb/1000 lb of MLVSS/hr | pounds per thousand pounds of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per hour |
| lb/d | pounds per day |
| lb/P.E./d | pounds per population equivalent per day |
| m | metres |
| m/d | metres per day |
| m/hr | metres per hour |
| m/min | metres per minute |
| m/s | metres per second |
| m½/s | square root of metres per second |
| m2 | square metres |
| m2/cap | square metres per capita |
| m2/m3 | square metres per cubic metre |
| m3 | cubic metres |
| m3/(ha·d) | cubic metres per hectare per day |
| m3/(m·d) | cubic metres per metre per day |
| m3/(m2·d) | cubic metres per square metre per day |
| m3/d | cubic metres per day |
| m3/min/1000 m3 | cubic metres per minute per 1000 cubic metres |
| m3/s | cubic metres per second |
| mg/g of MLVSS/hr | milligrams per gram of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per hour |
| mg/(m2·s) | milligrams per square metre per second |
| mg/L | milligrams per litre |
| mi | miles |
| MJ/dry t | megajoules per dry U.S. ton |
| mL | millilitres |
| mL/m3 | millilitres per cubic metre |
| mm | millimetres |
| mm/s | millimetres per second |
| mUSgd | million U.S. gallons per day |
| mW·s/cm2 | milliwatt-seconds per square centimetre |
| oz/(cap·d) | ounces per capita per day |
| psi | pounds per square inch |
| US gal | U.S. gallons |
| US gal/(ac·d) | U.S. gallons per acre per day |
| US gal/(cap·d) | U.S. gallons per capita per day |
| US gal/(ft·s) | U.S. gallons per foot per second |
| US gal/(ft2·d) | U.S. gallons per day per square foot |
| US gal/(ft2·s) | U.S. gallons per second per square foot |
| US gal/(in·d)/ft | U.S. gallons per inch of pipe diameter per day per linear foot of sewer length |
| US gal/1000 ft3 | U.S. gallons per 1000 cubic feet |
| US gal/d | U.S. gallons per day |
| US gal/ft2 | U.S. gallons per square foot |
| US gal/hr/ft | U.S. gallons per hour per foot |
| US gal/lb | U.S. gallons per pound |
| US gal/s | U.S. gallons per second |
| USgpd/ft | U.S. gallons per day per foot |
| USgpd/ft2 | U.S. gallons per day per square foot |
| USgpm | U.S. gallons per minute |
| USgpm/ft2 | U.S. gallons per minute per square foot |
| W/m3 | watts per cubic metre |
| W | watts |
Appendix III: Abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|
| ADF | Average Daily Flow |
| ASP | Activated Sludge Process |
| ATAD | Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion |
| BAF | Biological Aerated Filter |
| BMP | Best Management Practice |
| BNR | Biological Nutrient Removal |
| BOD5 | Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand; equivalent to five-day Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand (TBOD5) |
| BPR | Biological Phosphorous Removal |
| CAS | Conventional Activated Sludge |
| CCTV | Closed-Circuit Television |
| CBOD5 | Five-day Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand |
| Class EA | Municipal Engineers Association’s Municipal Class Environmental Assessment |
| COD | Chemical Oxygen Demand |
| C of A | Certificate of Approval |
| CIP | Clean-in-Place |
| CSO | Combined Sewer Overflow |
| DAF | Dissolved Air Flotation |
| DO | Dissolved Oxygen |
| DS | Dry Solids |
| DPHF | Design Peak Hourly Flow |
| D/W | Depth-to-Width Ratio |
| DWF | Dry Weather Flow |
| EBCT | Empty Bed Contact Time |
| ED50 | Effective Dose - 50th Percentile |
| ESR | Environmental Study Report |
| FBI | Fluidized Bed Incineration |
| F/M | Food-to-Microorganism Ratio |
| F/Mv | Food-to-Microorganism Ratio Based on MLVSS |
| FWS | Free Water Surface |
| GAC | Granular Activated Carbon |
| GBT | Gravity Belt Thickener |
| GC | Gas Chromatography |
| GFCI | Ground Fault Circuit Interruption |
| GP | Grinder Pump |
| HDD | Horizontal Directional Drilling |
| HDPE | High Density Polyethylene |
| HMI | Human Machine Interface |
| HRT | Hydraulic Retention Time |
| HVAC | Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning |
| I/I | Infiltration and Inflow of the Sewer System |
| IFAS | Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge |
| IFS | Integrated Fixed-film System |
| LSSDS | Large Subsurface Sewage Disposal System |
| LPHO | Low Pressure High Output (UV Lamp) |
| LP/HI | Low Pressure/High Intensity (UV Lamp) |
| LP/LI | Low Pressure/Low Intensity (UV Lamp) |
| L/W | Length-to-Width Ratio |
| MF | Microfiltration |
| MLSS | Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (in the Reactor) |
| MLVSS | Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (in Reactor) |
| MP | Medium Pressure (UV Lamp) |
| MP/HI | Medium Pressure/High Intensity (UV Lamp) |
| MSDS | Material Safety Data Sheet |
| MTZ | Mass Transfer Zone |
| NOD | Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand |
| NPS | Nominal Pipe Size |
| ODWQS | Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards |
| OPSS | Ontario Provincial Standards Specifications for Roads and Public Works |
| ORP | Oxidation-reduction Potential |
| OU | Odour Unit |
| OUR | Oxygen Uptake Rate |
| PAC | Powdered Activated Carbon |
| PCN | Process Control Network |
| PLC | Programmable Logic Controller |
| PE | Population Equivalent |
| PFD | Process Flow Diagrams |
| P&ID | Process and Instrumentation Diagrams |
| PVC | Polyvinyl Chloride |
| PWQO | Provincial Water Quality Objectives |
| RAS | Return Activated Sludge |
| RBC | Rotating Biological Contactors |
| RDT | Rotary Drum Thickener |
| RTB | Retention Treatment Basins |
| RTC | Real-Time Control |
| SBR | Sequencing Batch Reactor |
| SCADA | Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition |
| SDGS | Small Diameter Gravity Sewers |
| SI | International System of Units |
| SG | Specific Gravity |
| SOR | Surface Overflow Rate |
| SRT | Solids Retention Time (or Sludge Age) |
| SS | Settleable Solids |
| SSF | Subsurface Flow |
| STEP | Septic Tank Effluent Pumping System |
| STP | Sewage Treatment Plant |
| SVI | Sludge Volume Index |
| SWD | Sidewater Depth |
| TAN | Total Ammonia-Nitrogen |
| TKN | Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen – Total of Organic Nitrogen + Total Ammonia-Nitrogen |
| TF/SC | Trickling Filter/Solids Contact |
| TOC | Total Organic Carbon |
| TS | Total Solids |
| TSS | Total Suspended Solids |
| TVS | Total Volatile Solids |
| TWL | Top Water Level |
| UF | Ultrafiltration |
| UPS | Uninterruptible Power Supply |
| UTM | Universal Transverse Mercator |
| UV | Ultraviolet |
| VAC | Volts Alternating Current |
| VE | Value Engineering |
| VFD | Variable Frequency Drive |
| VSS | Volatile Suspended Solids |
| WAS | Waste Activated Sludge |
| WWF | Wet Weather Flow |
Appendix IV: Acronyms
| Acronym | Definition |
|---|---|
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| APHA | American Public Health Association |
| ASCE | American Society of Civil Engineers |
| AWWA | American Water Works Association |
| AWWARF | American Water Works Association Research Foundation |
| CGA | Canadian Gas Association |
| CSA | Canadian Standards Association |
| CSCE | Canadian Society for Civil Engineering |
| MEA | Municipal Engineers Association (of Ontario) |
| MNR | Ministry of Natural Resources (of Ontario) |
| MOE | Ministry of the Environment (of Ontario) |
| NEMA | National Electrical Manufacturers Association |
| NWRI | National Water Research Institute |
| PEO | Professional Engineers Ontario |
| U.S. EPA | United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| WEF | Water Environment Federation |
Appendix V: Summary of MOE Design Criteria for Conventional Sewage Treatment Processes
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition Without WAS | Process Type/Condition With WAS Co-thickening | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) [at design average daily flow] | m3/(m2·d) | 30 - 40 | 25 - 30 | Table 11-1 |
| SOR (at design peak daily flow) | m3/(m2·d) | 60 - 80 | 50 - 60 | Table 11-1 |
Note:
- WAS means waste activated sludge
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: Conventional AS without nitrification | Process Type/Condition: Conventional AS with nitrification | Process Type/Condition: Extended Aeration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOD5 Loading | kg/(m3·d) | 0.31 – 0.72 | 0.31 – 0.72 | 0.17 – 0.24 | Table 12-1 |
| F/Mv | d-1 | 0.2 – 0.5 | 0.05 – 0.25 | 0.05 – 0.15 | Table 12-1 |
| HRT (min.) | hours | 6 | 6 | 15 | Table 12-1 |
| Return Sludge Rate | % of Qavg | 25 – 100 | 50 – 200 | 50 – 200 | Table 12-1 |
| SRT (min.) | days | 4 – 6 | >4 at 20°C >10 at 5°C |
>15 | Table 12-1 |
| Oxygen Demand | kg O2 | 1.0 per kg BOD5 | 1.0 per kg BOD5 + 4.6 per kg TKN | 1.5 per kg BOD5 + 4.6 per kg TKN | Table 12-1 |
| MLSS | mg/L | 1,000 – 3,000 | 3,000 – 5,000 | 3,000 – 5,000 | Table 12-1 |
Notes:
- AS means activated sludge.
- F/Mv means food-to-microorganism based on volatile MLSS (i.e., MLVSS).
- HRT means hydraulic retention time.
- SRT means solids retention time.
- MLSS means mixed liquor suspended solids.
- Qavg means the average daily flow rate to the sewage treatment plant.
- TKN means Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen.
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: Rectangular | Process Type/Condition: Circular | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions: SWD Length:Width Rapid Sludge Removal |
m m |
3.6 - 4.6 > 4:1 NA |
3.6 - 4.6 NA > 18 |
Section 13.2.1 Section 13.2.1 Section 13.3.2 |
| Parameter | Units | CAS, Step Aeration, Complete Mix, etc. | EA, Single-Stage Nitrification | Chemicals added to MLSS for effluent TP <1.0 mg/L | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loading SOR (at DPHF) Peak Daily Solids Loading Rate (w/ RAS) |
m3/(m2·d) kg/(m2·d) |
50 240 |
40 170 |
37 240; w/o nitrification 170; w/ nitrification |
Table 13-1 Table 13-1 |
Notes:
- SWD means sidewater depth.
- CAS means conventional activated sludge.
- EA means extended aeration.
- SOR means surface overflow rate.
- DPHF means design peak hourly flow.
- RAS means return activated sludge.
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: Secondary Effluent | Process Type/Condition: Tertiary Filtered Effluent | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorine Dosage | mg/L | 1 – 12 | 1 - 6 | Table 14-1 | ||
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: LP/LI | Process Type/Condition: LP/HI | Process Type/Condition: MP/HI | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV Dosage | mW·s/cm2 | 30 | 30 | 30 | Section 14.4.3 |
| UV – effective lamp life | h | 8,000 – 13,000 | 5,000 – 12,000 | 5,000 – 8,000 | Sections 14.4.2.2 - 14.4.2.4 |
Notes:
- LP/LI means low pressure / low intensity.
- LP/HI means low pressure / high intensity.
- MP/HI means medium pressure / high intensity.
- Chlorine dosage based on a 30-minute contact time at design average daily flow.
- Typical chlorine and UV dosages to ensure a monthly geometric mean density of less than 200 E. coli organisms per 100 mL.
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: Alum | Process Type/Condition: Ferric Chloride | Process Type/Condition: Lime | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typical Dosage Rates (for target effluent TP of 1.0 mg/L) |
mg/L | 110 - 225 | 6 - 30 | 40 - 400 | Section 15.1.2.1 |
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: Shallow Bed | Process Type/Condition: Deep Bed | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtration Rates (at DPHF) | L/m2·s | 2.1 | 3.3 | Section 15.2.4 |
| Solids Loading Rate (at DPHF) |
mg/(m2·s) | 51 | 83 | Section 15.2.4 |
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: Min. Rate | Process Type/Condition: Min. Bed Expansion | Process Type/Condition: Min. Duration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backwash | 10 L/m2·s | 20% | 10 minutes | Section 15.2.5 |
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: CAS with Primaries | Process Type/Condition: CAS without Primaries | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological Sludge Production | kg TSS/kg BOD5 removed | 0.70 | 0.85 | Section 16.1.1 | |
| Parameter | Units | Process Type/Condition: CAS with P Removal | Process Type/Condition: EA with P Removal (Undigested WAS) | Process Type/Condition: EA with P Removal (Holding Tank Waste Sludge) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undigested Sludge Solids Production Concentration |
g/cap·d % TS |
100 4.0 [2.0 – 6.5] |
55 0.9 [0.4 – 1.9] |
50 2.0 [0.4 – 4.5] |
Table 16-1 |
| Digested Sludge Solids Production Concentration |
g/cap·d % TS |
68 4.0 [2.0 – 6.0] |
Table 16-1 |
Notes:
- CAS means conventional activated sludge (with upstream primary treatment).
- EA means extended aeration.
- Sludge concentrations expressed as average values, with ranges in parentheses.
| Parameter | Units | Anaerobic | Aerobic | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retention Time HRT (min.) SRT (min.) |
days days |
≥ 15 ≥ 15 |
-- ≥ 45 (total) |
Section 16.2.2.3 Section 16.3.2 |
| VS Loading | kg/m3.d | 0.65 (to low rate primary digester) 1.6 (to high rate primary digester) |
1.6 (to first stage digester) | Section 16.2.4 Section 16.3.1 |
| Sidewater Depth | m | ≥ 6.1 | 3.6 – 4.6 | Section 16.2.2.1 Section 16.3.1 |
Notes:
- HRT means hydraulic retention time.
- SRT means solids retention time.
- VS means volatile solids.
- Aerobic SRT includes the activated sludge process and the aerobic digestion process SRT.
| Process Type | Expected Performance: Sludge Type | Expected Performance: Sludge Concentration (%TS) | Expected Performance: Solids Capture (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Centrifugation
|
Waste Activated (WAS) |
8 – 10 4 – 6 5 – 8 |
80 – 90 80 – 90 70 - 90 |
Table 17-1 |
| Gravity Belt Thickener (GBT) | WAS | 4 – 8 | ≥ 95 | Table 17-1 |
| Rotary Drum Thickener (RDT) | WAS | 4 – 8 | ≥ 95 | Table 17-1 |
| Gravity Thickener | Raw Primary Raw Primary + WAS WAS Digested Sludges |
8 – 10 5 – 8 2 – 3 8 – 14 |
Table 17-1 | |
| Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) | WAS | 4 – 6 | ≥ 95 | Table 17-1 |
| Process Type | Sludge Type | Expected Performance: Sludge Concentration (%) | Expected Performance: Solids Capture (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belt Filter Press | Undigested Primary + WAS Digested Primary + WAS WAS |
14 - 25 14 - 25 10 - 15 |
85 - 95 | Table 17-2 |
| Centrifuge (Solid Bowl) |
Undigested Primary + WAS Digested Primary + WAS WAS |
15 - 30 15 - 30 12 - 15 |
95 - 99 | Table 17-2 |
| Filter Press | Undigested Primary + WAS Digested Primary + WAS WAS |
30 - 50 35 - 50 25 - 50 |
90 - 95 | Table 17-2 |
| Vacuum Filter | Undigested Primary + WAS Digested Primary + WAS WAS |
10 - 25 15 - 20 8 - 12 |
90 - 95 | Table 17-2 |
Appendix VI: Summary of Major Changes Between 1984 and 2008 (MOE Design Guidelines for Sewage Works)
The MOE Design Guidelines for Sewage Works have been updated to include new sewage collection and treatment technologies. The information was obtained from other guidelines, including: the Ten States Standards and design guidelines from other States and Provinces in North America. The following main additions have been made to the previous version of the guidelines:
- Chapter 3 General Design Considerations: sections on Technology Development and Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity, including Re-Rating.
- Chapter 4 Odour Control: including Odour Production and Control methods.
- Chapter 5 Design of Sewers: sections on New Installations/Construction Technologies (i.e., horizontal drilling, micro-tunneling, and pipe bursting), Alternative Sewer Types (i.e., pressure and vacuum sewers, and septic effluent systems), and Sewer System Rehabilitation.
- Chapter 7 Sewage Pumping Stations: including Forcemain Rehabilitation Techniques.
- Chapter 8 Design Considerations for Sewage Treatment Plants: section on Basis of Process Selection.
- Chapter 9 Instrumentation and Control: sections on Process Narratives and Basis of Control.
- Chapter 10 Preliminary Treatment: sections on Fine Screening, Microscreening and Vortex Grit Removal.
- Chapter 12 Biological Treatment: sections on Activated Sludge Selectors, Other Biological Systems (i.e., SBR, RBCs, BAF, IFF, MBR, BNR and Intermittent Sand Filters).
- Chapter 14 Disinfection: sections on Dechlorination, UV Irradiation, and Ozonation.
- Chapter 15 Supplemental Treatment Process: sections on High Rate Effluent Filtration, Microscreening, Membranes, and Natural Systems.
- Chapter 16 Sludge Stabilization: sections on Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion, ATAD, Alkaline Stabilization, Composting, Thermal Drying and Incineration.
- Chapter 17 Sludge Thickening and Dewatering: sections on Gravity Belt Thickeners and Rotary Drum Thickeners.
The following are new chapters added:
- Chapter 6 Challenging Conditions Affecting Servicing
- Chapter 19 Co-Treatment of Septage and Landfill Leachate at Sewage Treatment Plants
- Chapter 21 Control and Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows
- Chapter 22 Large Sub-surface Sewage Disposal Systems
Appendix VII: References
Air Force, Arctic and Subarctic Construction Utilities, AFR 88-19, Volume 5, (1987)
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) & Water Environment Federation (WEF), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edition
American Society of Civil Engineers, Sulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems, Manual of Practice No. 69
Bauer, D.H., E.T. Conrad, and D.G. Sherman, Evaluation of Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Options, EPA/600/s2-81-178, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, (1979)
Bennett, E. R., and E. K. Linstedt, Individual Home Wastewater Characterization and Treatment, Completion Report Series No. 66, Environmental Resources Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, (1975)
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), Guidelines for Compost Quality, (2005)
Environment Canada, Cold Regions Utilities Monograph (formerly Cold Climate Utilities Deliver Design Manual), Environment Canada, (1996) (American Society of Civil Engineers website)
Environment Canada, UV Guidance Manual for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Canada, (2002)
Laak, R, Relative Pollution Strengths of Undiluted Waste Materials Discharged in Households and the Dilution Waters Used for Each, Manual of Grey Water Treatment Practice - Part II, Monogram Industries, Inc., Santa Monica, California, (1975)
Laak, R, Wastewater Engineering Design for Unsewered Areas, Second Edition, (1986)
MOE and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), Guidelines for the Utilization of Biosolids and Other Wastes on Agricultural Land (1996)
MTO, Ministry of Transportation and Communication, Drainage Manual, (1980)
Professional Engineers Ontario, Engineering Services to Municipalities, (1998)
Smith, D. W. and Hrudey, S.E., Design of Water and Wastewater Services for Cold Climate Communities, (1981)
Tchobangolous, G. and Burton, F. L., Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse, Third edition, New York: Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. McGraw-Hill, Inc., (1991)
The Urban Drainage Subcommittee of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes, Water Quality Manual of Practice on Urban Drainage, (1987)
Tyler, E. Jerry, Designing with Soil: Development and Use of a Wastewater Hydraulic Linear and Infiltration Loading Rate Table, (2000)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Alternative Wastewater Collection Systems, EPA-625/1-91/024, (1991)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Combined Sewer Overflows Guidance for Long-Term Control Plan
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Combined Sewer Overflows Guidance for Monitoring and Modeling
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Odour and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewage Systems and Treatment Plants, EPA/625/1-85/018
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, EPA/625/R-00/008, (2002)
U.S. National Fire Protection Association, Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and Collection Facilities
Water Environment Federation (WEF), Alternative Sewer Systems, Manual of Practice FD-12, (1986)
Water Environment Federation (WEF), Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers, Manual of Practice MOP-9
Water Environment Federation (WEF), Prevention and Control of Sewer System Overflows, Manual of Practice FD-17
Water Environment Federation (WEF), Septage Handling, Manual of Practice No. 24, (1997)
Updated: November 30, 2023
Published: February 05, 2016