12.1 Literature Cited

Bakowsky, W.D. 1996. Natural heritage resources of Ontario: S-ranks for communities in site regions 6 and 7. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Information Centre, Peterborough. Draft.

Beechey, T.J. 1980. A framework for the conservation of Ontario's biological heritage. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parks and Recreational Areas Branch, Toronto, ON.

Brownell, V.R. and B.M.H. Larson. 1995. An evaluation framework for natural areas in the regional municipality of Ottawa-Carelton: Volume 1. Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, Ottawa. 120 p.

Catling, P.M. and V.R. Brownell. 1995. A review of the alvars of the Great Lakes region. Distribution, floristic composition, biogeography and protection. Can. Field-Naturalist. 109:143-171.

Chapman, L.J., and D.F. Putnam. 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2, 270 p.

Crins, W.J. and P.S. Kor. 1999. Natural heritage gap analysis methodologies used by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Section. Draft.

Domon, G. and Y. Bergeron. 1987. Development of synthetic criteria for the ecological evaluation of woodlots and woodlot units. Environmental Management 11:667-673.

Environment Canada, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1998. A framework for guiding habitat rehabilitation in Great Lakes Area of Concern. Canada-Ontario Remedial Action Plan Steering Committee.

Farrar, J.L. 1995. Trees in Canada. Canadian Forest Service, Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, ON.

Geomatics International Inc. 1991. Environmentally Sensitive Area Study. Addendum report. Regional Municipality of Halton Planning and Development Department. 2 volumes.

Hills, G.A. 1959. A ready reference to the description of the land of Ontario and its productivity. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Research Division Preliminary Report, 141 p.

Lee, H., W. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario First approximation and its application. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resource, Southcentral Sciences Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02.

NCASI. 1996. The National Gap Analysis Program: Ecological assumptions and sensitivity to uncertainty. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. Technical Bulletin No. 270. North Carolina, U.S.A.

Noss, R.F. 1995. Maintaining ecological integrity in representative reserve networks. A World Wildlife Fund Canada/World Wildlife Fund-United States Discussion Paper. 77 p.

Noss, R.F. and A.Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC. 416 p.

OMNR 1999. Natural Heritage Reference Manual for Policy 2.3 of the Provincial Policy Statement. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 127 p.

OMNR, CWS and Ducks Unlimited. 1998. The Temperate Wetland Restoration Guidelines.

Ontario Wildlife Working Group. 1991. Looking ahead: a wild life strategy for Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Queens Printers, Toronto. 172 p.

Riley, J.L. and P. Mohr. 1994. The natural heritage of southern Ontario's settled landscapes. A review of conservation and restoration ecology for land-use and landscape planning. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southern Region, Aurora, Science and Technology Transfer, Technical Report TR-001. 78 p.

Smith, P.G.R and J.A. Theberge 1986. A review of criteria for evaluating natural areas. Environmental Management 10: 715-734

Villard, M.-A., K. Freemark and G. Merriam. 1992. Metapopulation theory and neotropical migrant birds in temperate forests: an equilibrium investigation. Pp. 474–482, in, J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson (eds.) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Landbirds Smithsonian Institution Press. 609 p.

Waterfront Regeneration Trust. 1995 Restoring natural habitats. A manual for habitat restoration in the Greater Toronto Bioregion. Waterfront Regeneration Trust, Toronto.179 p.

12.2 Glossary

Alvar
Naturally open areas of thin soils over essentially flat limestone, dolostone or marble rock, supporting sparse vegetation cover of shrine and herbs.
Aquatic feeding area
Sites, generally marsh habitat, that contain aquatic vegetation rich in sodium (pondweeds, water milfoil, and yellow water lily) with sufficient shoreline cover that is frequented by moose to replenish sodium supplies.
Biodiversity
The variability among organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species and ecosystems.
Bog
Nutrient-poor, acidic wetlands comprised primarily of peat-covered areas with a high water table.
Calving site
An isolated area providing cover and escape paths from predators that moose utilize on an annual basis to give birth. Generally, these are elevated areas on peninsulas or islands.
Colonial nesting
Species that nest in colonies, large groups.
Corridor
The naturally vegetated or potential re-vegetated areas that link or border natural areas and provide ecological functions such as habitat, passage, hydrological flow, connection or buffering from adjacent impacts. They can occur across or along uplands, lowlands or slopes. Ravine, valley, river and stream corridors are further defined as landform depressions, usually with water flowing through or standing in them for some period of the year.
Cumulative impacts
The sum of all individual impacts occurring over space and time, including those of the foreseeable future.
Ecological site district
A subdivision of a site region based on characteristic pattern of physiographic features which set apart fairly large areas from one another.
Ecological site region
An area of land within which the resource of vegetation to the features of the landform follows a consistent pattern. Each specific type of land (defined in terms of relief, texture and petrography of geologic materials, depth of bedrock and drainage conditions) within a specific region has it characteristic plant succession. Since an ecological site region is the integration of all the landscape features within a prescribed area, it can best be defined as a region of potential biological productivity.
Ecosystem
Any area with a boundary through which the input or output of energy and materials can be measured and related to some unifying factor and includes the living and non-living environment together with the non-living components of their environment, related ecological process and humans.
Ecosystem Land Classification (ELC)
The Canadian classification of lands from an ecological perspective: an approach to identify ecologically similar areas.
Endangered
Any native species that, on the basis of the best available scientific evidence, is at risk of extinction or extirpation throughout all or a significant portion of its Ontario range if the limiting factors are not reversed.
Endemic
A species or taxon naturally occurring only in a particular geographical area/range.
Exotic species
A non-indigenous species introduced into an area. Extinct-any species formally native to Ontario that no longer exists.
Extirpated
Any native species no longer existing in the wild in Ontario, but existing elsewhere in the wild.
Fen
Peatlands characterized by surface layers of poorly to moderately decomposed peat, often with well-decomposed pear near the base. Sedge species form the dominant vegetation of fens; mosses may be present or absent.
Forbs
A broad leave herbaceous (non-woody) plant.
FRI (Forest Resource Inventory)
A resource inventory of Ontario forests based on an interpretation of aerial photography. Photo-interpreters use field data of sample plots (such as tree species, basal area, age and height) and aerial photography to delineate forest stand boundaries and describe forest stands. Descriptions are then transferred to Ontario Base Maps, FRI is designed to provide a snap-shot picture of existing forest conditions and a data base for decision-making and planning for a variety of resource managers.
Guilds
Species which are grouped together because of common strategies and/or use of areas for life cycle stages.
Hibernacula
A protected area with stable non-freezing temperatures, such as a cave, where bats survive the winter, or a burrow where snakes do the same.
Indigenous
Species which have originate naturally in a particular region or environment.
Mineral lick
An area of upwelling groundwater rich in sodium, generally surrounded by forest cover that is visited by moose in spring to replenish sodium supplies.
Moraine
a knobby ridge either of (a) boulder clay built by a thrust of a glacier or of (b) gravel and sand deposited at the edge of glacier by escaping meltwater.
Natural heritage features and areas
means features and areas, such as significant wetlands, fish habitat, significant woodlands south and east of the Canadian Shield, significant valleylands south and east of the Canadian Shield, significant portions of habitat of endangered and threatened species, significant wildlife habitat, and significant areas of natural and scientific interest, which are important for their environmental and social values as a legacy of the natural landscapes of an area.
Patch
in a landscape, a non-linear surface differing in appearance from its surroundings.
Significant wildlife habitat
Ecologically important in terms of features, functions, representation or amount, and contributing to the quality and diversity of an identifiable geographic area or natural heritage system.
Talus
A sloping mass of rock fragments at the base of a cliff.
Threatened
Any native species that, on the basis of the best available scientific evidence, is at risk of becoming endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its Ontario range if limiting factors are not reversed.
Vulnerable
Any native species that, on the basis of the best available scientific evidence, is a species of special concern in Ontario, but is not a threatened or endangered species.