Introduction

About the Ontario Employment Report

The Ontario Employment Report is released four times a year and provides an assessment of the current trends and developments in the Ontario labour market. The Ontario Employment Report is a companion report to the Ontario Economic Accounts, which provides an overall assessment of the current state of the Ontario economy.

Methodological note

In the current issue, year-over-year change represents change between the averages in the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2023. Note that the Ontario Economic Accounts report primarily shows changes between the previous and the current quarter.

This report uses seasonally adjusted data in charts displaying data with a monthly frequency in the Overview section.

Unadjusted data are used in charts and tables showing the changes for the current quarter compared with the same quarter for the previous year. footnote 1

All estimates in this report are based on Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey (LFS), which measures the current state of the national provincial and territorial labour market. The LFS is based on a household survey carried out monthly by Statistics Canada in reference weeks of the month. The reference periods for the three months of the second quarter of 2023 are April 9 to 15, May 14 to 20, and June 11 to 17.

Overview

Ontario's labour market overview

Employment:

  • +162,000 net jobs in Q2 2023, year-over-year
  • +139,800 net full-time jobs in Q2 2023, year-over-year
  • +55,800 net jobs in June 2023
  • +94,600 net full-time jobs in June 2023

Unemployment rate:

  • 5.5% in the second quarter of 2023
  • 5.7% in June 2023

Year-over-year, Ontario's employment increased by 2.1% (+162,000) in the second quarter of 2023, while Canada's employment experienced the same percentage growth (+419,000, +2.1%).

Ontario's unemployment rate was 5.5% in the second quarter of 2023, slightly higher than the Canadian rate of 5.2%.

In June 2023, Ontario's employment increased (+55,800, +0.7%), driven by gains in full-time employment (+94,600, +2.6%). Canada's employment also increased in June 2023 (+59,900, +0.3%) driven by Ontario's employment growth.

In June 2023, the unemployment rate in Ontario increased for the second consecutive month to 5.7% compared to 5.5% in May 2023 and 4.9% in April 2023. The unemployment rate in Canada also edged up in June 2023 from 5.4% to 5.5%.

Year-over-year overview

Ontario's labour market, January 2014 – June 2023 (seasonally adjusted)

The combination line and area chart shows Ontario’s unemployment rate (line chart) and employment (area chart) from January 2014 to June 2023. Ontario’s unemployment rate has trended downwards since January 2014, reaching 5.2% in January 2020, before rising to 14.0% in May 2020, and reaching 5.7% in June 2023. Employment in Ontario has risen steadily since January 2014, reaching just over 7.5 million workers in January 2020, before dropping to just above 6.3 million workers in May 2020, then rising to almost 8.0 million workers in June 2023.

The combination line and area chart shows Ontario’s unemployment rate (line chart) and employment (area chart) from January 2014 to June 2023. Ontario’s unemployment rate has trended downwards since January 2014, reaching 5.2% in January 2020, before rising to 14.0% in May 2020, and reaching 5.7% in June 2023. Employment in Ontario has risen steadily since January 2014, reaching just over 7.5 million workers in January 2020, before dropping to just above 6.3 million workers in May 2020, then rising to almost 8.0 million workers in June 2023.

Between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023:

  • employment gains were driven by growth in full-time employment (+139,800, +2.2%) while part-time employment also increased (+22,200, +1.6%);
  • employment increased in the private sector (+3.3%), remained virtually unchanged in the public sector and declined for those who are self-employed (-1.0%);
  • employment increased in services-producing industries (+1.7%) and goods-producing industries (+3.4%);
  • employment increased in every region except Northern Ontario, with Central Ontario (+2.9%) experiencing the highest rate of employment growth; and
  • employment increased for all age groups with those 55 years and over experiencing the highest rate of employment growth (+2.5%) compared to other age groups.

Type of Work quarterly details

Employment change by work status, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022

he horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by full-time and part-time status. Total employment increased by 162,000 (+2.1%), with full-time employment increasing by 139,800 (+2.2%), and part-time employment increasing by 22,200 (+1.6%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by full-time and part-time status. Total employment increased by 162,000 (+2.1%), with full-time employment increasing by 139,800 (+2.2%), and part-time employment increasing by 22,200 (+1.6%).

Year-over-year, full-time employment increased by 2.2% and part-time employment increased by 1.6% in the second quarter of 2023.

Employment change by employment sector, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment in the private sector, public sector and among the self-employed. Employment increased in the private sector by 171,800 (+3.3%) and the public sector by 500 (+0.0%) and declined for the self-employed by 10,300 (-1.0%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment in the private sector, public sector and among the self-employed. Employment increased in the private sector by 171,800 (+3.3%) and the public sector by 500 (+0.0%) and declined for the self-employed by 10,300 (-1.0%).

Year-over-year, employment increased by 3.3% for the private sector, remained virtually unchanged for the public sector footnote 2 , and decreased by 1.0% for the self-employed.

Employment change by above-average wage and below-average wage industries, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022 footnote 3

 The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment for above- and below-average wage industries, compared to the paid employment in all industries. Employment increased in both above-average wage (+88,000, +3.3%) and below-average wage (+84,500, +2.1%) industries. Paid employment in all industries (excluding self-employment) increased by 172,400 (+2.6%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment for above- and below-average wage industries, compared to the paid employment in all industries. Employment increased in both above-average wage (+88,000, +3.3%) and below-average wage (+84,500, +2.1%) industries. Paid employment in all industries (excluding self-employment) increased by 172,400 (+2.6%).

Year-over-year, paid employment increased by 3.3% in above-average wage industries and by 2.1% in below-average wage industries.

Sector and occupation quarterly details

Employment change by industry, goods-producing industries, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022

 The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by industry for goods-producing industries, measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Employment increased in all five goods-producing industries: manufacturing (+3.4%), construction (+2.4%), forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, oil and gas (+16.9%), agriculture (+4.4%), and utilities (+3.8%). The overall employment in goods-producing industries increased by 52,900 (+3.4%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by industry for goods-producing industries, measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Employment increased in all five goods-producing industries: manufacturing (+3.4%), construction (+2.4%), forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, oil and gas (+16.9%), agriculture (+4.4%), and utilities (+3.8%). The overall employment in goods-producing industries increased by 52,900 (+3.4%).

Employment in goods-producing industries increased by 3.4% in the second quarter of 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The overall gain was driven by increases in manufacturing (+26,900, +3.4%), while the remaining industries also experienced employment increases, with forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, oil and gas reporting the largest rate of employment growth (+6,300, +16.9%).

Employment change by industry, services-producing industries, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022

 The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by industry for services-producing industries, measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Employment increased in nine of the eleven services-producing industries. Health care and social assistance (+3.9%) experienced the largest increase in employment, followed by public administration (+6.3%), finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing (+3.5%), transportation and warehousing (+5.6%), accommodation and food services (+4.7%), other services (except public administration) (+4.5%), business, building and other support services (+4.0%), professional, scientific and technical services (+0.3%) and information, culture and recreation (+0.7%). Employment declined in educational services (-1.8%) and wholesale and retail trade (-3.0%). Overall employment in services-producing industries increased by 109,100 (+1.7%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by industry for services-producing industries, measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Employment increased in nine of the eleven services-producing industries. Health care and social assistance (+3.9%) experienced the largest increase in employment, followed by public administration (+6.3%), finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing (+3.5%), transportation and warehousing (+5.6%), accommodation and food services (+4.7%), other services (except public administration) (+4.5%), business, building and other support services (+4.0%), professional, scientific and technical services (+0.3%) and information, culture and recreation (+0.7%). Employment declined in educational services (-1.8%) and wholesale and retail trade (-3.0%). Overall employment in services-producing industries increased by 109,100 (+1.7%).

In the second quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, employment increased in the services-producing industries (+109,100, +1.7%). Nine services-producing industries experienced employment growth with health care and social assistance (+36,300, +3.9%) experiencing the largest employment gain, followed by public administration which experienced the highest rate of employment growth (+27,400, +6.3%) and finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing (+23,100, +3.5%). Two industry groups experienced a decline in employment with the largest decrease in wholesale and retail trade (-34,600, -3.0%).

Employment change by occupational group, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022 footnote 4

 The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by broad occupational group measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (+8.1%) experienced the largest employment increase, followed by occupations in management (+11.2%), business, finance and administration occupations (+2.9%), occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport (+17.0%) and sales and service occupations (+0.8%). Employment declined in education, law and social, community and government services occupations (-0.5%), health occupations (-2.1%), natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations (-13.2%) occupations in manufacturing and utilities (-6.1%) and natural and applied sciences and related occupations (-5.0%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment by broad occupational group measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (+8.1%) experienced the largest employment increase, followed by occupations in management (+11.2%), business, finance and administration occupations (+2.9%), occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport (+17.0%) and sales and service occupations (+0.8%). Employment declined in education, law and social, community and government services occupations (-0.5%), health occupations (-2.1%), natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations (-13.2%) occupations in manufacturing and utilities (-6.1%) and natural and applied sciences and related occupations (-5.0%).

Year-over-year, trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (+85,400, +8.1%) experienced the largest employment gain followed by management occupations (+83,500, +11.2%) and business, finance and administration occupations (+38,300, +2.9%). Art, culture, recreation and sport occupations recorded the highest rate of employment growth (+34,700, +17.0%). Five occupational groups experienced a decline in employment with the largest decrease in natural and applied sciences and related occupations (-38,900, -5.0%).

Geographic region

Ontario regions footnote 5

 The map shows Ontario’s five regions: Northern Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, Central Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area.

The map shows Ontario’s five regions: Northern Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, Central Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area.

Employment change by Ontario region, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022 footnote 6

 The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in employment in the five Ontario regions: Northern Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, Central Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Employment increased in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) (+2.4%), Central Ontario (+2.9%), Eastern Ontario (+1.7%), Southwestern Ontario (+1.1%), and declined in Northern Ontario (-1.6%). Overall employment in Ontario increased by 162,000 (+2.1%).

The horizontal bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in employment in the five Ontario regions: Northern Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, Central Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Employment increased in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) (+2.4%), Central Ontario (+2.9%), Eastern Ontario (+1.7%), Southwestern Ontario (+1.1%), and declined in Northern Ontario (-1.6%). Overall employment in Ontario increased by 162,000 (+2.1%).

Year-over-year, employment increased in all Ontario regions in the second quarter of 2023, except for Northern Ontario (-1.6%). The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) footnote 7 experienced the largest employment gain (+2.4%), followed by Central Ontario (+2.9%), Eastern Ontario (+1.7%) and Southwestern Ontario (+1.1%). Central Ontario had the highest rate of employment growth (+2.9%).

Unemployment rates by Ontario region, Q2 2023 footnote 8

 The horizontal bar chart shows unemployment rates by Ontario region in the second quarter of 2023 with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. The Greater Toronto Area had the highest unemployment rate (6.2%) followed by Southwestern Ontario (5.1%), Central Ontario (4.9%), Northern Ontario (4.7%) and Eastern Ontario (4.4%). The overall unemployment rate for Ontario was 5.5%.

The horizontal bar chart shows unemployment rates by Ontario region in the second quarter of 2023 with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. The Greater Toronto Area had the highest unemployment rate (6.2%) followed by Southwestern Ontario (5.1%), Central Ontario (4.9%), Northern Ontario (4.7%) and Eastern Ontario (4.4%). The overall unemployment rate for Ontario was 5.5%.

In the second quarter of 2023, the unemployment rate increased in three regions. The GTA had the highest unemployment rate (6.2%), while Eastern Ontario had the lowest unemployment rate (4.4%).

Participation rates by Ontario region, Q2 2023 footnote 9

 The horizontal bar chart shows participation rates by Ontario region in the second quarter of 2023 with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. The Greater Toronto Area had the highest participation rate at 68.1%, followed by Central Ontario (65.9%), Eastern Ontario (65.5%), Southwestern Ontario (62.8%) and Northern Ontario (58.7%). The overall participation rate for Ontario was 66.1%.

The horizontal bar chart shows participation rates by Ontario region in the second quarter of 2023 with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. The Greater Toronto Area had the highest participation rate at 68.1%, followed by Central Ontario (65.9%), Eastern Ontario (65.5%), Southwestern Ontario (62.8%) and Northern Ontario (58.7%). The overall participation rate for Ontario was 66.1%.

In the second quarter of 2023, the labour force participation rate varied among economic regions, ranging from 58.7% in Northern Ontario to 68.1% in the GTA.

Age and gender quarterly details

Employment change by age group and gender, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022

 The horizontal bar chart shows year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment for the three major age groups, as well as by gender, compared to the overall population. This is measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Employment increased among workers in all age groups and for both males and females, with total employment increasing by 162,000 (+2.1%). Core-aged workers aged 25 to 54 years posted the largest employment increase (+2.0%), followed by older workers aged 55 years and over (+2.5%) and youth aged 15 to 24 years (+1.7%). Female employment increased by 1.2% and male employment increased by 2.9%.

The horizontal bar chart shows year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) change in Ontario’s employment for the three major age groups, as well as by gender, compared to the overall population. This is measured in thousands with percentage changes in brackets. Employment increased among workers in all age groups and for both males and females, with total employment increasing by 162,000 (+2.1%). Core-aged workers aged 25 to 54 years posted the largest employment increase (+2.0%), followed by older workers aged 55 years and over (+2.5%) and youth aged 15 to 24 years (+1.7%). Female employment increased by 1.2% and male employment increased by 2.9%.

Compared to the same quarter last year, employment increased for all age groups in the second quarter of 2023. Older workers aged 55 years and over posted the highest rate of employment growth (+2.5%), followed by core-aged workers aged 25 to 54 years (+2.0%) and youth aged 15 to 24 years (+1.7%).

Year-over-year, employment increased more for males (+2.9%) than females (+1.2%).

Unemployment rates by age group and gender, Q2 2023

The horizontal bar chart shows unemployment rates in the second quarter of 2023 for Ontario as a whole, by major age group and by gender with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. Ontario’s overall unemployment rate in the second quarter of 2023 was 5.5% (+0.1 percentage point compared to Q2 2022). Youth aged 15 to 24 years had the highest unemployment rate at 13.3% (+1.7 percentage points), followed by the core-aged population aged 25 to 54 years at 4.4% (unchanged from the second quarter of 2022) and older Ontarians aged 55 years and over at 3.3% (-0.7 percentage point). The female unemployment rate was 5.7% (+0.4 percentage point) and the male unemployment rate was 5.3% (-0.2 percentage point).

The horizontal bar chart shows unemployment rates in the second quarter of 2023 for Ontario as a whole, by major age group and by gender with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. Ontario’s overall unemployment rate in the second quarter of 2023 was 5.5% (+0.1 percentage point compared to Q2 2022). Youth aged 15 to 24 years had the highest unemployment rate at 13.3% (+1.7 percentage points), followed by the core-aged population aged 25 to 54 years at 4.4% (unchanged from the second quarter of 2022) and older Ontarians aged 55 years and over at 3.3% (-0.7 percentage point). The female unemployment rate was 5.7% (+0.4 percentage point) and the male unemployment rate was 5.3% (-0.2 percentage point).

In the second quarter of 2023, youth had the highest unemployment rate (13.3%), followed by core-aged individuals (4.4%) and older individuals (3.3%). Compared to the same period last year, the unemployment rate increased by 1.7 percentage points for youth, was unchanged for core-aged individuals and decreased by 0.7 percentage point for older individuals.

In the second quarter of 2023, the unemployment rate for females (5.7%) was higher than that for males (5.3%). Compared to the same period last year, the unemployment rate decreased by 0.2 percentage point for males and increased by 0.4 percentage point for females.

Participation rates by age group and gender, Q2 2023

The horizontal bar chart shows labour force participation rates in the second quarter of 2023 for Ontario as a whole, by major age group and by gender with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. Ontario’s overall labour force participation rate was 66.1% (+0.1 from the second quarter of 2022). The core-aged population aged 25 to 54 years had the highest labour force participation rate at 88.4% (-0.1 percentage point), followed by youth aged 15 to 24 years at 65.3% (+0.6 percentage point), and older Ontarians aged 55 years and over at 38.0% (unchanged from the second quarter of 2022). The male participation rate (70.7%, +0.3 percentage point) was higher than the female participation rate (61.7%, -0.1 percentage point).

The horizontal bar chart shows labour force participation rates in the second quarter of 2023 for Ontario as a whole, by major age group and by gender with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. Ontario’s overall labour force participation rate was 66.1% (+0.1 from the second quarter of 2022). The core-aged population aged 25 to 54 years had the highest labour force participation rate at 88.4% (-0.1 percentage point), followed by youth aged 15 to 24 years at 65.3% (+0.6 percentage point), and older Ontarians aged 55 years and over at 38.0% (unchanged from the second quarter of 2022). The male participation rate (70.7%, +0.3 percentage point) was higher than the female participation rate (61.7%, -0.1 percentage point).

In the second quarter of 2023, core-aged individuals had the highest labour force participation rate (88.4%), followed by youth (65.3%) and older individuals (38.0%). Compared to the second quarter of 2022, the participation rate increased by 0.6 percentage point for youth, decreased by 0.1 percentage point for the core-aged population and was unchanged for older individuals.

Males had a higher participation rate (70.7%) than females (61.7%) in the second quarter of 2023. Compared to the same period last year, the participation rate decreased by 0.1 percentage point for females and increased by 0.3 percentage point for males. The gap in labour force participation rates between males and females widened when compared to the second quarter of 2022 from 8.5 percentage points to 9.0 percentage points.

Education level and immigrant status quarterly details

Employment rates by education level and immigrant status (core-aged population), Q2 2023 footnote 10

 The horizontal bar chart shows employment rates by education level and immigrant status for the core-aged population (25 to 54 years), in the second quarter of 2023, with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. By education level, those with a university degree had the highest employment rate (88.7%, +0.3 percentage point), followed by those with a postsecondary certificate/diploma (87.3%, -0.2 percentage point), those with a high school diploma (76.1%, -1.0 percentage point), and those with less than high school education (58.3%, -0.6 percentage point). By immigrant status, those born in Canada had the highest employment rate (86.1%, -0.4 percentage point), followed by established immigrants with more than 10 years since landing (85.1%, +2.0 percentage points), recent immigrants with 5 to 10 years since landing (80.5%, -0.6 percentage point), and very recent immigrants with 5 years or less since landing (77.6%, -1.4 percentage points).

The horizontal bar chart shows employment rates by education level and immigrant status for the core-aged population (25 to 54 years), in the second quarter of 2023, with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. By education level, those with a university degree had the highest employment rate (88.7%, +0.3 percentage point), followed by those with a postsecondary certificate/diploma (87.3%, -0.2 percentage point), those with a high school diploma (76.1%, -1.0 percentage point), and those with less than high school education (58.3%, -0.6 percentage point). By immigrant status, those born in Canada had the highest employment rate (86.1%, -0.4 percentage point), followed by established immigrants with more than 10 years since landing (85.1%, +2.0 percentage points), recent immigrants with 5 to 10 years since landing (80.5%, -0.6 percentage point), and very recent immigrants with 5 years or less since landing (77.6%, -1.4 percentage points).

In the second quarter of 2023, core-aged individuals with less than a high school diploma continued to have the lowest employment rate (58.3%), while those with a university degree recorded the highest employment rate (88.7%), followed by those with a postsecondary certificate or diploma (87.3%).

Year-over-year, the employment rate decreased for all education levels, except for those with a university degree (+0.3 percentage point). High school graduates recorded the largest employment rate decrease (-1.0 percentage point).

Those born in Canada had the highest employment rate (86.1%), while very recent immigrants had the lowest employment rate (77.6%).

Year-over-year, the employment rate decreased for nearly all core-aged groups by immigrant status, except for established immigrants (+2.0 percentage points). Very recent immigrants recorded the largest employment rate decrease (-1.4 percentage points).

Unemployment rates by education level and immigrant status (core-aged population), Q2 2023 footnote 11

 The horizontal bar chart shows unemployment rates by education level and immigrant status for the core-aged population (25 to 54 years), in the second quarter of 2023, with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. By education level, those with less than high school education had the highest unemployment rate (8.0%, -3.0 percentage points from Q2 2022), followed by those with high school education (5.9%, +0.2 percentage point), those with a postsecondary certificate or diploma (3.9%, -0.1 percentage point) and university degree holders (3.9%, +0.2 percentage point). By immigrant status, very recent immigrants with 5 years or less since landing had the highest unemployment rate (7.9%, -0.9 percentage point), followed by recent immigrants with 5 to 10 years since landing (4.9%, -0.6 percentage point), established immigrants with more than 10 years since landing (3.9%, -0.8 percentage point), and those born in Canada (3.9%, +0.3 percentage point).

The horizontal bar chart shows unemployment rates by education level and immigrant status for the core-aged population (25 to 54 years), in the second quarter of 2023, with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. By education level, those with less than high school education had the highest unemployment rate (8.0%, -3.0 percentage points from Q2 2022), followed by those with high school education (5.9%, +0.2 percentage point), those with a postsecondary certificate or diploma (3.9%, -0.1 percentage point) and university degree holders (3.9%, +0.2 percentage point). By immigrant status, very recent immigrants with 5 years or less since landing had the highest unemployment rate (7.9%, -0.9 percentage point), followed by recent immigrants with 5 to 10 years since landing (4.9%, -0.6 percentage point), established immigrants with more than 10 years since landing (3.9%, -0.8 percentage point), and those born in Canada (3.9%, +0.3 percentage point).

In the second quarter of 2023, the core-aged population with a university degree or a postsecondary certificate/diploma had the lowest unemployment rate (3.9%) while those with less than a high school diploma had the highest unemployment rate (8.0%). Year-over-year, the unemployment rate of core-aged people edged down for those with a postsecondary certificate/diploma (-0.1 percentage point), decreased for those with less than a high school diploma (-3.0 percentage points), and increased for those with a university degree (+0.2 percentage point) or high school diploma (+0.2 percentage point).

Year-over-year, the unemployment rate decreased for most groups by immigrant status, with the exception of those born in Canada. In the second quarter of 2023, the core-aged population born in Canada and established immigrants had the lowest unemployment rate (3.9%), while very recent immigrants had the highest unemployment rate (7.9%).

Participation rates by education level and immigrant status (core-aged population), Q2 2023 footnote 12

 The horizontal bar chart shows labour force participation rates by education level and immigrant status for the core-aged population (25 to 54 years), in the second quarter of 2023, with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. By education level, university degree holders had the highest participation rate (92.4%, +0.5 percentage point from Q2 2022), followed by postsecondary certificate or diploma holders (90.8%, -0.4 percentage point), high school graduates (80.9%, -1.0 percentage point), and those with less than high school education (63.4%, -2.7 percentage points). By immigrant status, those born in Canada had the highest participation rate (89.6%, -0.2 percentage point), followed by established immigrants with more than 10 years since landing (88.6%, +1.5 percentage points), very recent immigrants with 5 years or less since landing (84.7%, -1.1 percentage points), and recent immigrants with 5 to 10 years since landing (84.2%, -2.5 percentage points).

The horizontal bar chart shows labour force participation rates by education level and immigrant status for the core-aged population (25 to 54 years), in the second quarter of 2023, with percentage point changes from the second quarter of 2022 in brackets. By education level, university degree holders had the highest participation rate (92.4%, +0.5 percentage point from Q2 2022), followed by postsecondary certificate or diploma holders (90.8%, -0.4 percentage point), high school graduates (80.9%, -1.0 percentage point), and those with less than high school education (63.4%, -2.7 percentage points). By immigrant status, those born in Canada had the highest participation rate (89.6%, -0.2 percentage point), followed by established immigrants with more than 10 years since landing (88.6%, +1.5 percentage points), very recent immigrants with 5 years or less since landing (84.7%, -1.1 percentage points), and recent immigrants with 5 to 10 years since landing (84.2%, -2.5 percentage points).

In the second quarter of 2023, among core-aged population, those with a university degree continued to have the highest participation rate (92.4%), while those with less than a high school diploma had the lowest participation rate (63.4%). Year-over-year, the participation rate increased among those with a university degree (+0.5 percentage point) and declined among those with a postsecondary certificate/diploma (-0.4 percentage point), those with high school education (-1.0 percentage point) and those with less than high school education (-2.7 percentage points).

In the second quarter of 2023, core-aged very recent immigrants had the lowest participation rate (84.2%) compared to recent immigrants, established immigrants and those born in Canada. Year-over-year, the participation rate decreased for very recent immigrants, recent immigrants and those born in Canada, while established immigrants experienced an increase.

Wages quarterly details

Average hourly wages by employment status, 1997-2022

 The line chart shows average hourly wages for all employees, full-time and part-time employees expressed in real 2022 dollars from 1997 to 2022. Real average hourly wages of all employees increased from $27.82 in 1997 to $32.94 in 2022; those of full-time employees increased from $29.86 in 1997 to $34.93 in 2022 and those of part-time employees increased from $18.88 in 1997 to $22.61 in 2022.

The line chart shows average hourly wages for all employees, full-time and part-time employees expressed in real 2022 dollars from 1997 to 2022. Real average hourly wages of all employees increased from $27.82 in 1997 to $32.94 in 2022; those of full-time employees increased from $29.86 in 1997 to $34.93 in 2022 and those of part-time employees increased from $18.88 in 1997 to $22.61 in 2022.

Over the last two and a half decades, the average hourly wage increased in real terms footnote 13 (i.e., after accounting for inflation) from $27.82 in 1997 to $32.94 in 2022, with the growth rate averaging 0.7% per year. Over this period, part-time workers experienced slightly higher average annual growth in real wages (+0.7%) compared to full-time workers (+0.6%).

Hourly wage growth by type of work, Q2 2023 over Q2 2022 footnote 14

 The vertical bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) per cent change in Ontario’s nominal hourly wages by type of work. The average hourly wage increased by 4.8%. Hourly wages increased for full-time employees (+5.1%) and for part-time employees (+3.0%). The average hourly wage increased for permanent employees (+4.8%) and temporary employees (+3.0%). Average hourly wages increased for employees with union coverage (+1.5%) and those without union coverage (+6.1%). Inflation during the same period was 3.3%.

The vertical bar chart shows a year-over-year (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) per cent change in Ontario’s nominal hourly wages by type of work. The average hourly wage increased by 4.8%. Hourly wages increased for full-time employees (+5.1%) and for part-time employees (+3.0%). The average hourly wage increased for permanent employees (+4.8%) and temporary employees (+3.0%). Average hourly wages increased for employees with union coverage (+1.5%) and those without union coverage (+6.1%). Inflation during the same period was 3.3%.

In the second quarter of 2023, the average hourly wage of Ontario employees was $34.25, an increase of 4.8% from the second quarter of 2022. footnote 15

The average hourly wage for part-time positions increased by 3.0%, while the average hourly wage for full-time workers increased by 5.1%.

Consumer Price Index inflation over the second quarter of 2023 compared to the second quarter of 2022 was 3.3%.

Average hourly wage rate and wage growth by occupational group, Q2 2023 footnote 16

 The horizontal bar chart shows average hourly wage rates in the second quarter of 2023, as well as year-over-year and per cent change in the average hourly wage rate (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) by occupational group. In the second quarter of 2023, the average hourly wage rate for Ontario was $34.25 (+4.8%). The highest average hourly wage rate was for management occupations at $59.48 (+5.9%); followed by natural and applied sciences and related occupations at $45.00 (+4.2%); occupations in education, law and social, community and government services at $40.09 (+3.9%), health occupations at $34.68 (+3.8%); business, finance and administration occupations at $33.89 (+3.5%), occupations in trades, transport and equipment operators at $30.40 (+2.9%); occupations in art, culture recreation and sport at $29.27 (+5.5%); occupations in manufacturing and utilities at $26.39 (+5.4%); occupations in natural resources, agriculture and related occupations at $26.11 (+8.6%); and sales and service occupations at $21.93 (+3.5%).

The horizontal bar chart shows average hourly wage rates in the second quarter of 2023, as well as year-over-year and per cent change in the average hourly wage rate (between the second quarters of 2022 and 2023) by occupational group. In the second quarter of 2023, the average hourly wage rate for Ontario was $34.25 (+4.8%). The highest average hourly wage rate was for management occupations at $59.48 (+5.9%); followed by natural and applied sciences and related occupations at $45.00 (+4.2%); occupations in education, law and social, community and government services at $40.09 (+3.9%), health occupations at $34.68 (+3.8%); business, finance and administration occupations at $33.89 (+3.5%), occupations in trades, transport and equipment operators at $30.40 (+2.9%); occupations in art, culture recreation and sport at $29.27 (+5.5%); occupations in manufacturing and utilities at $26.39 (+5.4%); occupations in natural resources, agriculture and related occupations at $26.11 (+8.6%); and sales and service occupations at $21.93 (+3.5%).

Year-over-year, all broad occupational groups experienced growth in average hourly wages led by occupations in natural resources, agriculture and related production (+8.6%); occupations in management (+5.9%) and art, culture, recreation and sport (+5.5%). Occupations in trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (+2.9%) experience the smallest increase in average hourly wages among broad occupational groups.

Appendix I

Overview of annual employment ten-year review

  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Total Labour Force (000) 7,367.4 7,384.8 7,386.4 7,442.7 7,576.3 7,679.4 7,866.6 7,788.0 8,048.8 8,190.4
Participation Rate (%) 66.5 66.0 65.5 65.2 65.3 64.9 65.3 63.7 65.2 65.4
Male Participation Rate (%) 71.0 70.6 70.4 69.9 70.0 69.6 70.0 68.6 69.9 69.9
Female Participation Rate (%) 62.2 61.6 60.8 60.6 60.7 60.5 60.8 59.1 60.7 61.2
Total Employment (000) 6,806.9 6,840.0 6,887.0 6,956.4 7,117.3 7,245.9 7,429.2 7,025.9 7,393.3 7,731.6
Full-time (000) 5,463.4 5,497.5 5,580.0 5,630.5 5,740.5 5,883.4 6,042.3 5,801.0 6,088.9 6,372.4
Part-time (000) 1,343.5 1,342.6 1,307.0 1,325.9 1,376.8 1,362.5 1,386.9 1,224.9 1,304.4 1,359.2
Employment-Population Ratio (%) 61.4 61.1 61.1 60.9 61.3 61.3 61.6 57.5 59.9 61.8
Male Employment (000) 3,532.4 3,566.0 3,603.7 3,641.9 3,730.4 3,808.7 3,901.7 3,717.3 3,891.6 4,060.1
Female Employment (000) 3,274.5 3,274.0 3,283.3 3,314.5 3,386.9 3,437.2 3,527.5 3,308.5 3,501.7 3,671.5
Part-Time (% of total) 19.7 19.6 19.0 19.1 19.3 18.8 18.7 17.4 17.6 17.6
Goods-Producing Sector Employment (000) 1,410.4 1,393.8 1,406.7 1,440.2 1,457.5 1,476.8 1,474.6 1,415.5 1,466.2 1,543.5
Services-Producing Sector Employment (000) 5,396.5 5,446.2 5,480.3 5,516.2 5,659.8 5,769.1 5,954.6 5,610.4 5,927.1 6,188.1
Private Sector Employment (000) 4,488.2 4,542.1 4,545.4 4,613.4 4,741.5 4,809.6 4,936.5 4,600.1 4,876.4 5,127.2
Public Sector Employment (000) 1,278.2 1,259.5 1,276.2 1,280.5 1,299.0 1,319.2 1,343.5 1,327.9 1,429.1 1,515.7
Self-Employment (%of total) 15.3 15.2 15.5 15.3 15.1 15.4 15.5 15.6 14.7 14.1
Total Unemployment (000) 560.5 544.8 499.5 486.4 459.0 433.5 437.5 762.1 655.5 458.8
Unemployment Rate (%) 7.6 7.4 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.6 9.8 8.1 5.6
Male Unemployment Rate (%) 8.0 7.6 7.1 6.8 6.3 5.6 5.7 9.6 8.1 5.5
Female Unemployment Rate (%) 7.2 7.1 6.4 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.4 10.0 8.2 5.7
Long-Term (27 wks+) (% of total) 23.0 22.5 19.8 19.7 19.3 16.3 15.1 15.0 28.2 18.2
Average Unemployment in Weeks 21.9 21.9 20.1 19.9 19.1 17.2 16.0 15.4 23.0 19.7
Youth Unemployment Rate (%) 15.4 15.2 14.3 13.4 11.7 11.7 11.7 22.1 15.9 11.5
25-54 y.o. Unemployment rate (%) 6.3 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.2 4.7 4.6 7.9 6.7 4.6
55+ y.o. Unemployment rate (%) 5.8 5.6 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.2 4.3 7.3 7.4 4.6
Average Weekly Wage Rate ($) 916.61 931.31 959.81 985.76 993.13 1,030.52 1,058.44 1,136.25 1,161.63 1,216.43
Average Hourly Wage Rate ($) 25.07 25.45 26.20 26.92 27.16 28.18 28.95 30.86 31.60 32.94

Employment by region (000)

  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Greater Toronto Area 3,229.6 3,221.8 3,281.6 3,320.9 3,392.6 3,471.5 3,576.0 3,387.5 3,568.5 3,728.7
Central 1,552.6 1,583.5 1,594.9 1,598.6 1,670.4 1,676.2 1,708.6 1,615.1 1,692.6 1,779.9
Southwest 769.8 776.2 775.6 784.6 793.8 817.0 817.4 770.6 833.1 864.5
East 897.2 900.9 885.7 902.5 906.8 922.0 967.8 909.9 954.4 1,000.2
North 357.5 357.8 349.0 349.7 353.7 359.2 359.3 342.8 344.7 358.2

Unemployment rate by region (%)

  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Greater Toronto Area 8.2 8.1 7.1 6.9 6.5 6.0 5.9 11.0 9.2 6.3
Central 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 9.1 7.5 5.0
Southwest 7.7 6.9 7.0 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.4 9.2 7.5 5.5
East 6.5 7.2 6.7 6.4 5.9 4.8 5.0 7.7 6.5 4.4
North 7.5 6.8 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.1 6.0 7.9 6.8 4.6

Total employment by CMA (000)

Greater Toronto Area
  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Toronto 3,075.2 3,061.9 3,130.4 3,155.7 3,235.3 3,301.4 3,412.1 3,227.0 3,409.2 3,569.4
Oshawa 192.9 198.2 192.6 209.9 206.4 215.5 214.4 205.4 211.2 226.6
Central Ontario
  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Hamilton 372.6 378.1 380.8 380.6 411.1 407.4 414.8 384.1 409.6 418.6
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 287.2 290.1 290.7 293.1 304.1 312.4 324.4 305.5 323.0 333.7
St. Catharines-Niagara 193.3 195.3 205.4 205.8 203.9 208.8 207.1 189.5 198.4 221.2
Peterborough 54.6 59.3 60.2 58.5 61.7 64.9 62.5 53.7 63.5 66.1
Brantford 68.8 68.8 70.0 70.4 72.7 70.5 78.7 72.0 74.2 77.7
Guelph 79.0 80.8 89.9 91.1 91.3 89.1 91.4 85.1 92.8 96.8
Barrie 108.2 109.7 106.3 102.7 114.5 112.4 117.6 118.7 115.5 124.3
Eastern Ontario
  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Ottawa-Gatineau (Ontario part) 527.6 532.6 530.1 545.5 551.5 564.1 589.8 557.8 590.2 610.5
Kingston 81.0 78.8 80.1 80.6 84.8 83.2 83.9 80.1 81.3 87.9
Belleville 40.7 35.2 32.3 33.4 41.1 41.9 51.8 49.6 50.0 57.4
Southwestern Ontario
  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
London 238.3 239.6 249.0 245.2 247.4 257.3 256.1 257.9 281.8 295.4
Windsor 155.4 155.9 157.6 164.0 163.4 166.5 171.6 152.1 168.3 174.7
Northern Ontario
  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Greater Sudbury 84.3 83.5 82.9 82.7 82.3 83.3 87.3 81.0 82.1 85.4
Thunder Bay 62.8 61.4 59.7 60.3 62.1 64.4 63.2 59.1 61.1 61.9

Overview of quarterly employment year-over-year

Characteristics 2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Total Labour Force (000) 8,174.2 8,244.3 8,123.4 8,178.7 8,085.9 8,218 8,252.7 8,432.8
Participation rate (%) 66.2 65.8 65.5 65.0 64.9 64.9 66.0 66.1
Male Participation Rate (%) 70.9 70.5 69.9 69.3 69.3 69.1 70.4 70.7
Female Participation Rate (%) 61.6 61.2 61.3 60.8 60.7 60.9 61.9 61.7
Total Employment (000) 7,503.1 7,766.7 7,647.5 7,777.2 7,573.4 7,781.3 7,809.2 7,971.3
- Full-time (000) 6,201.3 6,494.2 6,198.3 6,373.1 6,180.3 6,394.8 6,442.2 6,581.9
- Part-time (000) 1,301.8 1,272.5 1,449.2 1,404.0 1,393.1 1,386.5 1,367.1 1,389.3
Employment-Population Ratio (%) 60.7 62.0 61.7 61.8 60.8 61.5 62.5 62.5
Male Employment (000) 3,955.1 4,111.7 4,002.8 4,079.1 3,967.5 4,060.4 4,082.1 4,198.6
Female Employment (000) 3,548.1 3,655.1 3,644.7 3,698.1 3,605.9 3,720.9 3,727.1 3,772.7
Part Time (% of total) 17.4 16.4 19.0 18.1 18.4 17.8 17.5 17.4
Goods-Producing Sector Employment (000) 1491 1587.3 1484.4 1559.4 1473.2 1528.4 1554.2 1607.1
Services-Producing Sector Employment (000) 6,012.1 6,179.4 6,163.0 6,217.8 6,100.2 6,252.9 6,255.0 6,364.1
Private Sector Employment (000) 4,995.6 5,197.7 5,063.8 5,140.3 4,986.4 5,174.8 5,184.7 5,356.4
Public Sector Employment (000) 1,409.0 1,475.8 1,506.5 1,544.3 1,502.4 1,534.1 1,540.2 1,540.7
Self-Employment (% of total) 14.6 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.3 13.8 13.9 13.5
Total Unemployment (000) 671.1 477.6 476 401.5 512.5 436.7 443.4 461.6
Unemployment Rate (%) 8.2 5.8 5.9 4.9 6.3 5.3 5.4 5.5
Male Unemployment Rate (%) 8.0 5.3 5.9 4.8 6.4 5.5 5.5 5.3
Female Unemployment Rate (%) 8.4 6.3 5.8 5.0 6.3 5.1 5.2 5.7
Long-Term (27 wks+) (% of total) 25.9 15.8 29.2 18.7 18.9 16.5 19.6 17.2
Average Unemployment in Weeks 23.2 17.0 24.7 20.3 21.2 18.0 20.6 17.8
Youth Unemployment Rate (%) 14.0 11.3 9.4 10.4 12.9 10.8 11.6 13.3
25-54 y.o Unemployment Rate (%) 6.9 4.8 4.9 4.1 5.2 4.5 4.4 4.4
55+ y.o Unemployment Rate (%) 7.8 4.7 6.4 3.9 5.7 4.4 4.0 3.3
Average Weekly Wage Rate ($) 1,162.62 1,228.11 1,163.65 1,238.54 1,193.9 1,254.49 1,204.60 1,264.28
Average Hourly Wage Rate ($) 31.49 33.02 31.79 33.58 32.48 34.05 32.68 34.25

Employment by Region (000)

Region 2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Central 1,711.0 1,802.8 1,718.3 1,814.9 1,712.9 1,782.0 1,789.1 1,840.1
Southwestern 838.4 859.0 866.1 879.3 847.9 873.6 871.8 881.1
Eastern 961.4 1,008.7 958.5 1,009.8 967.5 1,007.9 1,014.9 1,032.3
Northern 348.4 355.5 349.8 358.4 355.5 357.1 363.6 357.7
Greater Toronto Area (GTA) 3,643.9 3,740.5 3,754.8 3,714.8 3,689.7 3,760.7 3,769.6 3,860.1

Unemployment Rate by Region (%)

Region 2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Central 7.2 5.1 5.4 4.6 5.8 5.3 4.5 4.9
Southwestern 7.7 5.8 5.3 4.9 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.1
Eastern 6.6 4.6 4.2 3.7 5.2 4.3 4.1 4.4
Northern 6.7 4.6 5.2 4.1 5.6 5.5 4.2 4.7
Greater Toronto Area (GTA) 9.3 6.5 6.7 5.5 7 5.5 6.2 6.2

Total Employment by CMA (000)

Greater Toronto Area
  2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Toronto 3,486.4 3,586.4 3,587.1 3,568.2 3,523.6 3,613.5 3,599.5 3,709.9
Oshawa 211.6 224.4 222.3 227.1 222.0 225.8 232.7 223.0
Central Ontario
  2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Hamilton 413.1 419.8 418.1 423.9 409.4 411.0 421.3 413.7
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 324.0 338.3 335.3 341.1 325.5 333.0 329.8 343.6
St. Catharines-Niagara 212.3 219.1 210.0 220.1 216.7 216.6 229.0 219.5
Peterborough 64.9 69.1 63.9 65.0 63.1 60.6 67.3 63.0
Brantford 75.0 80.9 74.0 80.5 73.3 78.2 76.3 78.7
Guelph 95.4 96.7 97.4 95.9 96.2 98.0 98.5 102.8
Barrie 120.5 129.7 117.8 129.6 111.7 130.7 126.4 137.0
Eastern Ontario
  2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Ottawa (Ontario part) 591.5 618.3 582.8 616.3 590.2 623.0 617.2 648.9
Kingston 81.0 90.5 81.9 91.0 82.4 91.1 87.9 95.3
Belleville 51.1 61.0 54.0 55.0 53.9 63.7 59.7 65.9
Southwestern Ontario
  2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
London 283.6 295.3 290.6 293.2 294.8 294 298.5 307.8
Windsor 167.7 164.4 185.1 184.9 175.2 189.8 174.5 191.9
Northern Ontario
  2021Q3 2022Q3 2021Q4 2022Q4 2022Q1 2023Q1 2022Q2 2023Q2
Greater Sudbury 82.1 83.8 85.1 86.2 85.2 87.8 86.7 87.2
Thunder Bay 62.6 61.5 62.9 60.7 63.2 64.3 62.3 64.6

Overview of monthly* labour force characteristics

  Jan-22 Feb-22 Mar-22 Apr-22 May-22 Jun-22 Jul-22 Aug-22 Sep-22 Oct-22 Nov-22 Dec-22 Jan-23 Feb-23 Mar-23 Apr-23 May-23 Jun-23
Employment 7,538.5 7,721.3 7,750.0 7,780.9 7,764.1 7,738.3 7,766.9 7,734.3 7,714.9 7,745.3 7,750.5 7,786.9 7,849.7 7,865.3 7,886.7 7,919.4 7,895.5 7,951.3
Participation rate 65.5 65.7 65.6 65.9 65.7 65.2 65.4 65.4 65.1 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.5 65.5 65.5 65.5 65.6 65.9
Unemployment rate 7.5 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.7

*Seasonally adjusted

Note: All estimates in this appendix are based on Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey.


Footnotes

  • footnote[1] Back to paragraph Estimates of employment changes and rate calculations are based on unrounded quarterly estimates and may differ slightly from estimates based on published quarterly data due to rounding.
  • footnote[2] Back to paragraph The public sector includes employees in federal, provincial, territorial, municipal and Aboriginal public administrations, as well as in Crown corporations, liquor control boards and other government institutions such as schools (including universities), hospitals and public libraries.
  • footnote[3] Back to paragraph Above-average wage industries are defined as those with earnings above the average hourly earnings of all industries in 2022. Self-employment is excluded.
  • footnote[4] Back to paragraph Occupation estimates are based on the 2021 National Occupational Classification. Management occupations are classified under the management occupational category and the remaining categories exclude management occupations.
  • footnote[5] Back to paragraph Based on groupings of Statistics Canada’s economic regions.
  • footnote[6] Back to paragraph Based on a three-month moving average for June, using unadjusted data.
  • footnote[7] Back to paragraph The GTA refers to the Statistics Canada definition of the Toronto Economic Region; notably, this definition excludes the city of Burlington.
  • footnote[8] Back to paragraph Based on a three-month moving average for June 2023, using unadjusted data. The seasonally adjusted estimate for Ontario in Q2 2023 is 5.4%.
  • footnote[9] Back to paragraph Based on a three-month moving average for June 2023, using unadjusted data.
  • footnote[10] Back to paragraph Rate by immigrant status is based on a three-month moving average for June 2023. Education level refers to the highest level of schooling completed.
  • footnote[11] Back to paragraph Rate by immigrant status is based on a three-month moving average for June 2023. Education level refers to the highest level of schooling completed.
  • footnote[12] Back to paragraph Rate by immigrant status is based on a three-month moving average for June 2023. Education level refers to the highest level of schooling completed.
  • footnote[13] Back to paragraph Real wages are based on nominal wages deflated by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all items. Self-employment is excluded.
  • footnote[14] Back to paragraph Nominal wage growth, not adjusted for inflation. Self-employment is excluded. Inflation is measured as an increase in the all-items Consumer Price Index for Ontario between April and June 2022 and April and June 2023.
  • footnote[15] Back to paragraph Year-over-year comparison (between second quarters of 2022 and 2023) is in nominal dollars.
  • footnote[16] Back to paragraph Occupation estimates are based on the 2021 National Occupational Classification. Management occupations are classified under the management occupational category and the remaining categories exclude management occupations. Nominal wage growth, not adjusted for inflation. Self-employment is excluded.